Ucwaningo lwe isakhiwo seseli zezinto eziphilayo bezibaluleke kakhulu kubhayoloji. Ikakhulukazi, ukuhlaziya udonga lweseli ama-prokaryote abambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekuqondeni i-morphology nemisebenzi yawo. Lesi sakhiwo esiyingqayizivele, esitholakala ezintweni eziphilayo ezihlukene njenge-bacteria kanye i-archaea, sibonisa ubunkimbinkimbi obukhulu obuvumela ukuvikelwa, ukuzinza nokujwayela lezi zinambuzane ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. udonga lwamaseli wama-prokaryote, kanye nokubaluleka kwawo kubhayoloji nasekusetshenzisweni okungenzeka emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yesayensi.
1. Isingeniso odongeni lwamaseli we-prokaryote: Isakhiwo nemisebenzi eyisisekelo
Udonga lwamaseli luyisakhiwo esibalulekile ezintweni eziphilayo ze-prokaryotic, kuhlanganise namabhaktheriya kanye ne-archaea. Lesi sendlalelo esivikelayo esizungeze ulwelwesi lwe-plasma lunikeza amandla, umumo nokuvikelwa kumaseli e-prokaryotic. Udonga lwamaseli lukhona kuwo wonke ama-prokaryotes futhi lungenye yezimpawu ezibahlukanisa nama-eukaryotes, angenaso lesi sakhiwo.
Isakhiwo sodonga lwamaseli we-prokaryotes siyahlukahluka phakathi kwamagciwane kanye ne-archaea, nakuba kuzo zombili izimo zakhiwe ikakhulukazi ama-polysaccharides namaprotheni. Ngokungafani nama-eukaryote, lapho ulwelwesi lwe-plasma kuwukuphela kongqimba oluzungeze ingqamuzana, kuma-prokaryotes udonga lwamaseli ludlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, ukucindezela kwe-osmotic nokuhlasela kwangaphandle.
- Nikeza ukuqina kwesakhiwo namandla.
- Vikela iseli kuma-ejenti angaphandle afana nobuthi nama-enzyme abhubhisayo.
- Yenza kube lula ukunamathela kanye nekoloni yezindawo ezingaphezulu, ukukhuthaza ukwakheka kwama-biofilms.
- Faka isandla ekuzimiseleni kwe ifomu leseli.
- Vumela ukushintshana kwezinto phakathi kweseli nendawo ezungezile.
Isakhiwo kanye nemisebenzi eyisisekelo yodonga lwamaseli we-prokaryotes ezithakazelisayo futhi ziqhubeka zithuthuka izindawo zokufunda. Ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo ngokuningiliziwe kunikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nokuziphendukela kwemvelo nokuzivumelanisa nezinto eziphilayo ze-prokaryotic, kanye nokuxhumana kwazo nemvelo. Ngocwaningo oluqhubekayo, sithemba ukuqhubeka nokuveza imininingwane emisha mayelana nendima ebalulekile edlalwa udonga lwamaseli kulawa maseli akudala.
2. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali odongeni lweseli lama-prokaryote: Uhlolojikelele olunemininingwane
Udonga lweseli ama-prokaryotes ayingxenye ebalulekile ehlinzeka ngesakhiwo nesivikelo kulawa maseli ahlukahlukene. Ukwakheka kwayo kwamakhemikhali kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwayo kanye nokumelana nezimo zemvelo ezahlukahlukene.
Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi udonga lwamaseli we-prokaryote lwakhiwe ikakhulukazi i-peptidoglycan. Le ngqamuzana, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-murein, i-polymer eyakhiwe iketango le-glucose elixhunywe namaketanga e-amino acid. Lesi sakhiwo sinikeza ukuqina kanye nokumelana nodonga lweseli, okuvumela ama-prokaryote ukuthi agcine umumo wawo wesici.
Ngaphezu kwe-peptidoglycan, udonga lwamaseli we-prokaryote luqukethe nezinye izakhi zamakhemikhali ezifanele, njenge:
- I-Teichoic acids: ekhona kwamanye amaqembu amabhaktheriya, asiza ukulawula ukungena wodonga iseli futhi ubambe iqhaza ekunamatheleni endaweni.
- Ama-lipid: ikakhulukazi i-membrane lipids egxilile odongeni amaselula, okuvumela ukusebenzisana nemvelo kanye nemisebenzi ethile ye-metabolic.
- Ama-Polysaccharides: njenge-lipoteichoic acid, i-lipopolysaccharide ne-O-acetylated peptidoglycan, enomthelela ekuvikelekeni kuma-ejenti angaphandle kanye nokwakhiwa kwama-biofilms.
- Amaprotheni: obhekene nemisebenzi ehlukahlukene odongeni lwamaseli, njengokwakheka kwezimbotshana, ukunamathela endaweni kanye nokusebenzisana nama-antibiotics.
3. Izinhlobo zodonga lwamaseli ezikhona kuma-prokaryotes: Izimpawu nomehluko
Udonga lwamaseli luyisici esihlukile sezinto eziphilayo ze-prokaryotic, ezihlinzeka ngokuvikeleka nokusekelwa kwesakhiwo kulawa maseli. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezindonga zamangqamuzana ezikhona kuma-prokaryotes, ngayinye enezici kanye nomehluko owenza ahluke.
1. I-Peptidoglycan cell wall
Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lodonga lwamaseli kuma-prokaryotes yilolo olwakhiwe ngokuyinhloko i-peptidoglycan. Lolu donga, olwaziwa nangokuthi i-murein, lutholakala kuma-bacteria kanye ne-cyanobacteria. Izici zayo zihlanganisa:
- Iqinile ngokwebhayoloji futhi iyamelana.
- Ihlanganiswe ngamaketanga amade alayini kashukela ashintshana namaketanga amafushane ama-amino acid.
- Inikeza ukumelana nengcindezi ye-osmotic kanye nokuvikela ekucindezelekeni kwemvelo.
2. Udonga lweseli ngaphandle kwe-peptidoglycan
Amanye ama-prokaryote, njenge-archaea, awanayo i-peptidoglycan odongeni lwamaseli awo. Esikhundleni salokho, anezindonga ezakhiwe ikakhulukazi ama-glycoprotein nama-polysaccharides. Izici zalezi zindonga zihlanganisa:
- Ihlukene ngokwesakhiwo, njengoba i-archaea ngayinye ingaba nenhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yama-glycoprotein nama-polysaccharides udonga lwamaseli.
- Zimelana kakhulu nezimo ezimbi kakhulu, ezifana namazinga okushisa aphezulu, i-acidic noma i-alkaline pH, kanye nokugxila kukasawoti omningi.
- Banikeza isivikelo emisebeni ye-ultraviolet kanye ne-desiccation.
3. Chitin cell wall
Amanye ama-prokaryote, njengesikhunta, anezindonga zamangqamuzana ezenziwe nge-chitin. Lezi zindonga zinezimpawu ezilandelayo:
- Yakhiwe inethiwekhi enezinhlangothi ezintathu ze-chitin, i-polysaccharide ye-N-acetylglucosamine.
- Banikeza ukwesekwa kwemishini kanye nokumelana nokucindezela kwe-osmotic.
- Bavumela ukukhula nokwanda kwamaseli.
4. Ukubaluleka kokumelana nokuqina okunikezwa udonga lwamaseli we-prokaryotic
Ukumelana nokuqina okunikezwa udonga lwamaseli e-prokaryotic kubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni nasekuphileni kwalawa ma-microorganisms angama-unicellular. Isakhiwo sodonga lweseli ye-prokaryotic sinikeza isivikelo ezinguqukweni ze-osmotic, imithelela yemvelo, kanye nezindlela zokuvikela isikhungo.
Ukumelana nodonga lwamaseli e-prokaryotic kungenxa yokuba khona kwama-peptidoglycans, uhlobo lwe-polymer olwakhiwe ngamaketanga ama-amino acid noshukela ahlanganiswe yi-peptide bond. Lawa ma-peptidoglycans akha inethiwekhi enezinhlangothi ezintathu enikeza ukumelana okukhulu nodonga lwamangqamuzana, luvimbele ukwakheka kwalo futhi luvikele ama-microorganism kuma-agent amakhemikhali nama-enzyme abhubhisayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqina kodonga lweseli ye-prokaryotic kunomthelela ekugcineni umumo nokwakheka kwalawa amamicroorganisms. Udonga lweseli lusebenza njengohlaka olunikeza ukusekelwa kwesakhiwo kuseli, luvimbele ukuwa kwalo ngaphansi kwengcindezi ye-osmotic futhi lunikeze ukuzinza.
5. Iqhaza lodonga lwamaseli ekuvikelekeni kwezimo ezimbi kanye nama-pathogens angaphandle
Ubalulekile ekusindeni kwezinto eziphilayo. Udonga lwamaseli luyisakhiwo esiqinile esizungeze izitshalo namaseli ebhaktheriya, kuwanikeza usekelo nokuvikela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzelaneni nendawo ezungezile kanye nokusabela ezisusa ezimbi.
Udonga lwamaseli lusebenza njengesithiyo esingokomzimba ngokumelene nama-pathogens angaphandle ngokuvimbela ukungena kwawo engqamuzaneni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqukethe ama-molecule ahlukahlukene e-antimicrobial afana nama-peptide e-antimicrobial namaprotheni asiza ukuqeda umsebenzi wamagciwane, avimbele izifo. Lawa ma-molecule angahluka kuye ngohlobo lwento ephilayo nokuba yinkimbinkimbi kodonga lwamangqamuzana ayo.
Ngaphandle komsebenzi walo wokuzivikela, udonga lwamaseli luyisihluthulelo sokumelana nezimo ezimbi. Isibonelo, inikeza ukumelana komshini ngokumelene nengcindezi ye-osmotic kanye nokuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingasebenza njengenqolobane yezakhi zomzimba futhi isize ukugcina ukuma nokwakheka kweseli ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, udonga lweseli lungakwazi ukubona nokuhlanganisa amasignali emvelo futhi luqalise izimpendulo eziguquguqukayo, njengezinguquko ekubunjweni kodonga noma ukujiya.
6. Ukusebenzisana kodonga lweseli nendawo yalo: Imithelela yezemvelo kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo
Udonga lwamaseli luyisakhiwo esibalulekile kumaseli ezinto eziphilayo zezitshalo kanye namanye ama-microorganisms. Ngaphezu kokuhlinzeka ngokusekela nokuvikela, udonga lwamaseli luhileleke ekusebenzelaneni okuhlukahlukene nendawo yayo, okunomthelela obalulekile wemvelo kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngezansi okunye kwalokhu kusebenzisana:
1. Ukusebenzelana ne indawo ezungezile:
- Udonga lwamaseli luvumela ukushintshaniswa kwezakhi kanye nama-metabolites phakathi kweseli nendawo yalo.
- Ivikela ingqamuzana ekuphelelweni amanzi emzimbeni nasekungeneni kwamagciwane kanye nobuthi.
- Ibamba iqhaza ekumunceni amanzi nasekulawuleni ingcindezi ye-osmotic esitokisini.
2. Ukusebenzisana namanye amaseli:
- Udonga lwamaseli ludlala indima ebalulekile ekunamatheleni kwamaseli angomakhelwane, okuvumela ukwakheka kwezicubu nezitho.
- Kwenza kube lula ukuxhumana kwamaselula ngokudluliswa kwezimpawu zamakhemikhali kanye nokusebenzisana kwamaprotheni athile odongeni.
- Kuzinto eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, ukuguqulwa kokwakheka yodonga lwamaseli Ingalawula ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezicubu ezikhethekile.
3. Imithelela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo:
- Izici zodonga lwamaseli ziye zaba ucezu olubalulekile ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kwezinto eziphilayo, okuvumela ukuqoqwa kwezindawo zokuhlala ezintsha kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo zemvelo.
- Ukuhlukahluka kwezakhiwo zodonga lwamaseli kuye kwaqhutshwa yizingcindezi ezikhethiwe, ezikhuthaza ukukhethekile kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo.
- Izinguquko ekubunjweni kodonga lwamaseli kanye nezakhiwo zibe negalelo ekuthuthukisweni kokumelana namagciwane kanye nezilwane ezidla uhlaza, kanye nokuncintisana ngezinsiza.
7. Ukuhlola ukuhlanganisa kanye nezindlela zokulawula zodonga lwamaseli e-prokaryotic
Kulesi sigaba, sizongena emhlabeni othakazelisayo wokuqanjwa kodonga lwamaseli kanye nokulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo ze-prokaryotic. Udonga lwamaseli e-prokaryotic luyisakhiwo esibalulekile esihlinzeka ngokusekela nesivikelo kumaseli, futhi ukuqonda ukuthi kwakheka futhi kulawulwa kanjani kubalulekile ekuqondeni ibhayoloji yalezi zinto eziphilayo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kodonga lwamaseli e-prokaryotic kuhilela izigaba ezahlukene kanye nezingxenye ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, kukhona ukuhlanganiswa kwezandulela zodonga lwamaseli, njenge-peptidoglycans, okungama-molecule abalulekile ekwakhekeni kwesakhiwo. Lawa ma-precursors ahlanganiswa ngama-enzyme athile, njenge-transpeptidase ne-carboxypeptidase, asebenza ndawonye ukuze akhe inethiwekhi enezinhlangothi ezintathu zodonga lwamaseli.
Uma izandulela sezihlanganisiwe, ukulawulwa kodonga lwamaseli e-prokaryotic kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho nokulinganisela. Izindlela zokulawula ezehlukene ziyabandakanyeka kule nqubo, okuhlanganisa ukwenziwa kusebenze kanye nokuvala ama-enzyme anesibopho sokuhlanganiswa kwama-precursors. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela yokulawula iphinde ilawule umsebenzi wamaprotheni ahlobene nokulungiswa kabusha kodonga lwamaseli, okuvumela iseli ukuthi lizivumelanise nezimo zemvelo ezihlukahlukene.
8. Izinselele kanye namathuba ekutadisheni udonga lwamaseli we-prokaryotes
Ucwaningo lodonga lweseli lwama-prokaryote lunikeza abacwaningi uchungechunge lwezinselelo namathuba Njengoba lo mkhakha ujula, kutholakala izakhiwo ezintsha nezindlela ezihilelekile ekubunjweni nasekusebenzeni kodonga lwamaseli.
Ezinye zezinselelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zihlanganisa:
- Qonda inkimbinkimbi yesakhiwo sodonga lwamaseli kanye nezingxenye zalo.
- Khomba ukuhlukahluka ekubunjweni kodonga lwamaseli phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-prokaryote.
- Tadisha ukumelana namandla okuzijwayeza kodonga lweseli ngokumelene nezimo zemvelo ezahlukene.
- Phenya izindlela zokwenziwa kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezingxenye zodonga lwamaseli.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukutadisha kodonga lwamaseli we-prokaryote nakho kuveza amathuba okucwaninga ajabulisayo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
- Faka isandla ekwakhiweni kwemithi emisha kanye nezindlela zokwelapha ezihloselwe ukucekelwa phansi kodonga lwamaseli kumabhaktheriya e-pathogenic.
- Hlola indima yezingxenye ezintsha zodonga lwamaseli ekusebenzisaneni kwama-prokaryote nendawo yawo.
- Phenya ukusetshenziswa kodonga lweseli ku-biotechnology, njengokukhiqizwa kwama-biofertilizer noma ama-biomaterials.
- Hlola imithelela yokuguquguquka kokuhlukahluka odongeni lweseli lama-prokaryote.
Sengiphetha, ukufunda ngodonga lwamaseli we-prokaryote kuyinkambu ethokozisayo neyinselele. Naphezu kobunzima, inikeza amathuba amaningi okuqonda isayensi yebhayoloji yamangqamuzana nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-biotechnological. Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo ngalesi sihloko lubalulekile ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lwethu lwama-prokaryote kanye nokuxhumana kwawo nemvelo.
9. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-biotechnological kolwazi mayelana nodonga lwamaseli we-prokaryotic
Ibanzi futhi ihlukahlukene, futhi iguqule izinkambu ezimbalwa zocwaningo. Ngezansi kukhona ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza eziphawulekayo:
1. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-bioplastics: Udonga lweseli lwe-prokaryote luqukethe ama-polymer emvelo angasetshenziswa—ukwenza ama-bioplastics. Lawa ma-bioplastic ayakwazi ukubola futhi awakhiqizi imfucuza eyingozi imvelo, ngokungafani namapulasitiki avamile. Lolu hlelo lokusebenza lube intuthuko ebalulekile ekufuneni ezinye izindlela ezisimeme zokunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki.
2. Ukwakhiwa kwama-antibiotics: Ulwazi mayelana nodonga lwamaseli we-prokaryotic luye lwavumela ukuthuthukiswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane emisha ephumelelayo ngokumelene namagciwane e-pathogenic. Ngokuqonda izici zesakhiwo nokusebenza kodonga lwamaseli, abacwaningi baye bakwazi ukuklama izinhlanganisela ezivimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye ezibalulekile zalesi sakhiwo, okuvimbela ukukhula nokwanda kwamabhaktheriya. Lolu hlelo lokusebenza lubalulekile ekulweni nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye nokumelana nama-antibiotic.
3. Ama-Biofertilizers: Udonga lwamaseli e-prokaryotic luqukethe amagciwane anenzuzo enhlabathini nasezitshalweni. Lawa mabhaktheriya angasetshenziswa njengama-biofertilizers, ngoba akhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo kanye nokumuncwa kwezakhi. Ngokusebenzisa lezi biofertilizer kwezolimo, isidingo sokusebenzisa umanyolo wamakhemikhali siyancishiswa, okuzuzisa imvelo kanye nekhwalithi. kokudla kukhiqizwa ngokuqhubekayo.
10. Amasu okuthuthukisa ukumelana nokusebenza kwe-prokaryotic cell wall
Udonga lwamaseli luyisakhiwo esibalulekile kubhaktheriya kanye ne-archaea, njengoba luhlinzeka ngokusekela nokuvikela ekuguqukeni kwemvelo kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Lapha sizokwethula amasu amasha okuthuthukisa ukumelana nokusebenza kodonga lwamaseli kuma-prokaryotes.
1. Ukuguqulwa kwamabhondi e-peptide: Elinye lamasu athembisa kakhulu ubunjiniyela bofuzo ukuze kulungiswe amabhondi e-peptide akhona odongeni lweseli. Lokhu kuvumela ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezingxenye zesakhiwo ukuthi kuqiniswe, kudala udonga oluqinile futhi olusebenzayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinguquko zingakhuphula ukuzinza ngokumelene nama-enzyme awonakele kanye nama-ejenti angaphandle.
2. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-biopolymers: Ukufakwa kwama-biopolymers athile odongeni lweseli kungathuthukisa kakhulu izakhiwo zawo. Isibonelo, ukungezwa kwama-polysaccharides ku-matrix ye-peptidoglycan kungakhuphula ukumelana nokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni kanye nengcindezi ye-osmotic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwama-biopolymers anezakhiwo ze-antimicrobial kunganikeza ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe kuma-pathogens.
3. Ukuguqulwa kwe-protein synthesis kanye nenkulumo: Elinye isu elithakazelisayo liwukulawula ukuhlanganiswa nokubonakaliswa kwamaprotheni ahlobene nodonga lwamaseli we-prokaryotic. Ukusebenzisa amasu wobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, kungenzeka ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwamaprotheni esakhiwo abalulekile, njengama-autolysins, asiza ukugcina ubuqotho bodonga. Ngokufanayo, kungenzeka ukuvimbela noma ukuqondisa ama-enzyme alulaza izingxenye zodonga, anikeze amandla amakhulu okumelana.
11. Ukuthuthukiswa kwemithi emisha kanye nama-antibiotic okuhloswe ngawo odongeni lwamaseli we-prokaryotes
Ingenye yezindawo ezithembisayo kakhulu zocwaningo lwezokwelapha lwamanje. Udonga lwamaseli luwungqimba oluvikelayo oluzungeza amabhaktheriya namanye ama-microorganisms, futhi isakhiwo salo esiyingqayizivele sikwenza kube okuhlosiwe okukhangayo kokuklanywa kwezindlela zokwelapha eziphumelelayo. Okunye okuthuthukile kwakamuva kulo mkhakha kuzovezwa ngezansi:
– Ama-inhibitors we-peptidoglycan synthesis: I-Peptidoglycan iyingxenye ebalulekile yodonga lwamaseli ebhaktheriya futhi ukuphazamiseka kwayo kungaba yingozi ku-microorganism. Amakhemikhali athuthukisiwe akwazi ukuvimbela ama-enzyme abandakanyeka ku-peptidoglycan synthesis, eyenza buthaka udonga lwamaseli futhi aholele ekufeni kwebhaktheriya.
– I-Antimicrobial peptidomimetics: I-Peptidomimetics ama-molecule okwenziwa aklanyelwe ukulingisa ukwakheka nokusebenza kwama-peptide emvelo. Endabeni yezidakamizwa eziqondiswe odongeni lwamaseli, i-peptidomimetics idaliwe ekwazi ukuxhumana ngokuqondile nezingxenye eziyisisekelo zodonga lwebhaktheriya, njenge-lipoteichoic acid noma i-teichoic acid, ephazamisa ubuqotho bayo futhi ibangele ukufa kwe-microorganism.
– Ama-modulators we-Lipid transport: Ukuthuthwa kwe-lipid kubalulekile ekuqineni kodonga lwamaseli. Ama-molecule angakwazi ukuphazamisa kule nqubo ahlonziwe, aguqula ukwakheka kwe-lipid odongeni lwebhaktheriya futhi enze buthaka ikhono layo lokumelana nama-antimicrobial agents. Lezi zimodyuli zokuthutha i-lipid zimelela inoveli nesu elithembisayo lokulwa nama-microorganisms amelana nemithi elwa namagciwane yendabuko.
12. Imigqa yesikhathi esizayo yocwaningo emkhakheni we-prokaryotic cell wall
Bazogxila ekungeneni bajule kakhulu ezindleleni zokuhlanganisa kanye nokulungiswa kabusha kwalesi sakhiwo esibalulekile kumabhaktheriya. Ezinye zezihloko zocwaningo ezithembisayo ezibonwayo yilezi:
Ukuhlaziywa kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali odongeni lweseli ye-prokaryotic:
Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kulindeleke ukuthi lugxile ekuboneni nasekuboniseni izingxenye ezithile ezakha udonga lwamaseli e-prokaryotic. Lokhu kuzosivumela ukuthi siqonde kangcono umsebenzi wazo kanye nendima eziyidlalayo ekumelaneni nama-antibiotic kanye nokusebenzelana kwawo nendawo ezungezile.
Ucwaningo lwezakhi zofuzo ezihilelekile ekuhlanganiseni kodonga lweseli:
Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo luzophinde lugxile ekuboneni izakhi zofuzo kanye nezindlela ze-metabolic ezihilelekile ekuhlanganiseni nasekulawuleni udonga lwamaseli we-prokaryotic. Lokhu kuzovumela ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu okuhlosiwe ukuze kuphazamise ukuhlangana kwawo, ngenhloso yokwenza buthaka ukumelana namagciwane kanye namandla okusungula ama-antimicrobial agents amasha.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zobunjiniyela bofuzo ekuguqulweni kodonga lweseli:
Kulindeleke ukuthi amathuluzi wobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo azosetshenziselwa ukuguqula izingxenye zodonga lweseli ye-prokaryotic ngendlela elawulwayo. Lokhu kuzobandakanya ukwethula noma ukususa izakhi zofuzo ezithile ukuze kushintshwe ukwakheka kodonga lweseli nokufunda imiphumela ewumphumela. Lezi zindlela zokwenza zingahlinzeka ngolwazi olubalulekile mayelana nomsebenzi wezingxenye zodonga lweseli ngalinye kanye nokuhlobana kwazo kubungozi bebhaktheriya.
13. Ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwezici zodonga lwamaseli ama-prokaryotes nama-eukaryotes
Ukwakheka kodonga lwamaseli kungenye yezici eziyinhloko ezihlukanisa ama-prokaryotes kuma-eukaryotes. Nakuba zombili izinhlobo zamaseli zinodonga lwangaphandle olunikeza ukuvikeleka nokusekelwa, kunomehluko ophawulekayo ekubunjweni nasekusebenzeni kwawo.
Izici zodonga lweseli kuma-prokaryotes:
- Iqinile futhi ikhona kuwo wonke amaseli e-prokaryotic.
- Yakhiwa ikakhulukazi i-peptidoglycan, i-polysaccharide eyakhiwe ngamayunithi amancane ama-amino acid noshukela.
- Udonga lwamaseli kuma-prokaryotes lubalulekile ekusindeni nasekuvikeleni, njengoba lusiza ukugcina ukuma kweseli futhi luvikela izinguquko ze-osmotic.
- Kwezinye izimo, udonga lwamaseli we-prokaryote lungazungezwa ungqimba olwengeziwe olubizwa ngokuthi i-capsule, oluhlinzeka ngokuvikeleka okwengeziwe ezintweni zangaphandle.
Izici zodonga lweseli kuma-eukaryotes:
- Ukuba khona kodonga lwamaseli kuma-eukaryote kuyahlukahluka, kuye ngohlobo oluthile lweseli.
- Kusikhunta, udonga lweseli ngokuyinhloko lwakhiwe i-chitin, i-polysaccharide efana ne-peptidoglycan kodwa enesakhiwo esihlukile.
- Ezitshalweni, udonga lwamaseli lwakhiwe nge-cellulose, enikeza amandla esakhiwo kanye nokuqina.
- Umsebenzi wodonga lwamaseli kuma-eukaryotes uyahlukahluka, kodwa ngokuvamile unikeza ukuvikelwa, ukusekelwa futhi ubambe iqhaza ezinqubweni zokuxhumana zamaselula.
Ngamafuphi, nakuba kokubili ama-prokaryote nama-eukaryote anodonga lwamaseli, ukwakheka nokusebenza kwawo kuhluke kakhulu. Ku-prokaryotes, udonga lwamaseli lwakhiwe ikakhulukazi i-peptidoglycan futhi lubalulekile ekusindeni kweseli nokuvikelwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuma-eukaryote, ukuba khona nokwakheka kodonga lwamaseli kuyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lweseli, ikakhulukazi i-chitin kusikhunta kanye ne-cellulose ezitshalweni.
14. Iziphetho: Intuthuko yakamuva kanye nemibono yesikhathi esizayo yocwaningo lodonga lwamaseli we-prokaryotes
Kafushane, ukucwaninga kodonga lwamaseli we-prokaryotes kuye kwabhekana nentuthuko enkulu eminyakeni yamuva, okusivumele ukuba sithole ukuqonda okwengeziwe kwesakhiwo nemisebenzi yayo. Nazi ezinye izinto ezibalulekile ongazithatha:
1. Kuye kwenzeka ukuhlonza nokuveza izingxenye ezintsha zodonga lwamaseli we-prokaryotes. Lokhu okutholakele kukhulise ulwazi lwethu mayelana nokuhlukahluka kwama-molecule akha lesi sakhiwo futhi kwembule ukubaluleka kwamanye awo ekuphikisweni kwama-antibiotic kanye ne-pathogen virulence.
2. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kumasu e-microscopy kanye nokuhlaziywa kwamangqamuzana kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukubona ngeso lengqondo ukuhlelwa kodonga lwamaseli ngokuningiliziwe nokutadisha amandla ayo ngesikhathi sangempela. Lolu lwazi lube nomthelela ekuqondeni ukuthi udonga lweseli luzivumelanisa kanjani futhi luphendule izinguquko endaweni ezungezile, kanye nokuhlonza okuhloswe ngakho ukwelashwa okusha.
Imibuzo Nezimpendulo
Umbuzo: Iyini i-Prokaryotic Cell Wall?
Impendulo: I-Prokaryotic Cell Wall yisakhiwo esizungeza ulwelwesi lwe-plasma lwezinto eziphilayo ze-prokaryotic.
Umbuzo: Uyini umsebenzi weProkaryotic Cell Wall?
Impendulo: Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-Prokaryotic Cell Wall ukuhlinzeka ngosekelo lwesakhiwo nokuvikela iseli. Kuyasiza futhi ukugcina ukuma kweseli futhi kulivikele ekulimaleni komshini.
Umbuzo: Ithini i-Cell Wall of Prokaryotes?
Impendulo: I-Cell Wall of Prokaryotes yakhiwe ikakhulukazi i-peptidoglycan, into eyakhiwe ngamaketanga ama-amino acid noshukela. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinto eziphilayo ze-prokaryotic zingase zibe namanye ama-molecule, njenge-lipopolysaccharides kuma-bacterium e-gram-negative.
Umbuzo: Yimuphi umehluko okhona phakathi kweCell Wall of Prokaryotes kanye ne-Eukaryotes?
Impendulo: Ngokungafani nama-prokaryote, ama-eukaryote awanalo udonga lwamaseli e-peptidoglycan. Esikhundleni salokho, amaseli e-eukaryotic angase abe nodonga lweseli olwakhiwe nge-cellulose (njengasezitshalo), i-chitin (kwisikhunta), noma i-extracellular matrix (ezilwaneni).
Umbuzo: I-Prokaryotic Cell Wall inegalelo kanjani ekumelaneni nama-antibiotic?
Impendulo: I-Cell Wall of Prokaryotes, ikakhulukazi kubhaktheriya ye-Gram-positive, ingaba isithiyo esivimbela ukungena kwemithi elwa namagciwane esitokisini. Lokhu ngingakwenza amanye ama-antibiotics awasebenzi kahle noma awasizi ngalutho kumabhaktheriya athile.
Umbuzo: Yimiphi eminye imisebenzi udonga Lweseli lwama-Prokaryote olunayo?
Impendulo: Ngaphezu kokunikeza ukwesekwa nokuvikelwa kwesakhiwo, i-Prokaryotic Cell Wall ingase futhi ibambe iqhaza ekunamatheleni kweseli, ukuxhumana namaseli, kanye nokumelana nezimo ezimbi zemvelo, njengezinguquko ze-pH noma ingcindezi ye-osmotic.
Umbuzo: Ingabe zikhona izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-Prokaryotic Cell Wall?
Impendulo: Yebo, kunomehluko ekubunjweni nasekwakhekeni kwe-Prokaryotic Cell Wall. Amagciwane e-Gram-positive aqukethe ungqimba lwe-peptidoglycan olujiyile, kuyilapho amabhaktheriya ane-gram-negative enokwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi, okuhlanganisa ungqimba oluncane lwe-peptidoglycan, ulwelwesi olungaphandle kanye ama-lipopolysaccharides.
Umbuzo: Yatholwa nini i-Prokaryotic Cell Wall?
Impendulo: Umqondo wokuba khona kwe-Prokaryotic Cell Wall wasungulwa okokuqala ngekhulu le-19, lapho umehluko ekungcoleni kwamagciwane ahlukene wabonwa. Kamuva, ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-microscopy kanye namasu we-biochemistry, ukwakheka nokusebenza kweCell Wall of Prokaryotes kungacwaningwa ngokujula okwengeziwe.
Umbuzo: Kuyini ukubaluleka kwe-Prokaryotic Cell Wall ocwaningweni lwamanje lwesayensi?
Impendulo: I-Prokaryotic Cell Wall isalokhu iwumkhakha osebenzayo wocwaningo ku-microbiology. Ukuqonda ukwakheka nokusebenza kwayo kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwama-antibiotic amasha namasu okwelapha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucwaninga komehluko ku-Prokaryotic Cell Wall nakho kunganikeza ulwazi mayelana nokuvela nokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo ze-prokaryotic.
Ekuphetheni
Sengiphetha, ucwaningo lodonga lwamaseli prokaryote lubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe ukwakheka nokusebenza kwawo, kanye nokubhekana nezingxenye ezihlukene zokuphila kwawo nokumelana kwawo ezindaweni ezidlulele. Lesi sithiyo esiqinile sokuvikela, esakhiwe i-peptidoglycan kubhaktheriya kanye ne-pseudopeptidoglycan e-archaea, sibalulekile ekugcineni ubuqotho nokuma kwamaselula, kanye nokuhlinzeka ngokuvikeleka ekuguquguqukeni kwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, udonga lwamaseli we-prokaryote ludlala indima ebalulekile ekukhulumisaneni nasekubambeleleni kwabo, ukungenelela ekwakhiweni kwemiphakathi ye-microbial kanye nokuxhumana nezinye izinto eziphilayo Ukuqonda izici nokuhlukahluka kwezingxenye zodonga lwamaseli kuma-prokaryotes kuyisihluthulelo sokuthuthukiswa okusha amasu okwelapha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-biotechnological. Ngakho-ke, izifundo ezintsha ziyadingeka ukuze kujulise ukuqonda kwalesi sakhiwo esibalulekile kanye nemithelela yaso yokusebenza. Kungale ndlela kuphela sizokwazi ukuveza ubunkimbinkimbi be-prokaryote futhi sihlole amandla abo aphelele emikhakheni ehlukene yocwaningo lwesayensi nolusetshenziswayo.
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