Ama-routers Angamadivayisi abalulekile kumanethiwekhi okuxhumana, kokubili ezingeni lasekhaya nelebhizinisi. Lawa madivayisi anekhono lokuxhuma amadivayisi ahlukene futhi kube lula ukudluliswa kwedatha. Omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu ye-router ukusungula ukuxhumana phakathi kwe- ikheli le-IP lomphakathi kanye ne amakheli e-IP ayimfihlo kwamadivayisi axhunywe kunethiwekhi. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngokuthi i-router ihlobana kanjani nalawa makheli e-IP nokuthi idlala kanjani indima ebalulekile ekuhambiseni idatha kunethiwekhi.
Ikheli le-IP lomphakathi inkomba ehlukile eyabelwe yona noma iyiphi idivayisi Ixhumeke ku-inthanethi. Leli kheli linikezwa Umhlinzeki Wesevisi Ye-inthanethi (ISP) futhi lisetshenziselwa ukusungula ukuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi kumanethiwekhi ahlukene emhlabeni jikelele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i- direcciones IP privadas abelwe kumadivayisi angaphakathi inethiwekhi yendawo, njengenethiwekhi yasekhaya noma yasehhovisi. Lawa makheli asetshenziselwa ukukhomba nomzila idatha ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi eyimfihlo.
El i-router Isebenza njengomxhumanisi phakathi kwekheli le-IP lomphakathi kanye namakheli e-IP ayimfihlo wamadivayisi axhunywe kunethiwekhi. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukuthola idatha ethunyelwe kusuka ku-inthanethi ngekheli le-IP lomphakathi bese uyithumela kumadivayisi ahambisanayo kunethiwekhi yangasese kusetshenziswa amakheli e-IP ayimfihlo. Ngokufanayo, uma idivayisi ekunethiwekhi yangasese ifuna ukuthumela idatha ku-inthanethi, umzila unesibopho sokuyimaka ngekheli le-IP lomphakathi ngaphambi kokuyithumela endaweni yokugcina.
Ukuxhumeka phakathi kwerutha, ikheli le-IP lomphakathi namakheli e-IP ayimfihlo kubalulekile ukusebenza kahle kwenethiwekhi. Ngaphandle kwalobu budlelwano, amadivayisi angaphakathi kwenethiwekhi ngeke akwazi ukuxhumana. namanye amadivayisi kumanethiwekhi ahlukene, noma finyelela ku-inthanethi. I-router idlala indima ebalulekile ekulawulweni kwedatha, iqinisekisa ukuthi imilayezo ifika lapho iya khona efanele ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwenethiwekhi yangasese. Ngomzila ofanele, amadivayisi angazuza ekuxhumekeni okungenazihibe kanye nolwazi lokuphequlula olungenazihibe. .
Sengiphetha, umzila udlala indima ebalulekile ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwekheli le-IP lomphakathi namakheli e-IP ayimfihlo ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi. Ngokusebenza njengomxhumanisi, irutha yenza kube lula ukuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi angaphakathi kwenethiwekhi nenethiwekhi yangaphandle. Ukusebenza kwayo okulungile kuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuwuketshezi kanye nomzila wedatha ophumelelayo. Manje njengoba sesiqonda ukuthi i-router ihlobana kanjani nekheli le-IP lomphakathi nelangasese, singakwazi ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwayo emhlabeni wamanethiwekhi okuxhumana.
1. Imisebenzi eyisisekelo yomzila
Ukuxhumana phakathi kwerutha nekheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi nelomphakathi eliyimfihlo
I-router iyithuluzi eliyisisekelo kumanethiwekhi wekhompiyutha, ngoba ivumela ukuxhumana kwamadivaysi ahlukene kanye nokufinyelela ku-inthanethi. Omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu ye-router ukwabiwa nokuphathwa kwamakheli e-IP omphakathi nawangasese. Ikheli le-IP lomphakathi yilokho okukhomba idivayisi ku-inthanethi, ngenkathi ikheli le-IP eliyimfihlo Isetshenziswa ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yangaphakathi ukuhlonza amadivayisi axhunyiwe.
I-router isebenza njengomxhumanisi phakathi Komhlinzeki Wesevisi Ye-inthanethi (ISP) kanye ne- inethiwekhi yendawo. Uma idivayisi ixhuma kumzila, iwunika ikheli le-IP eliyimfihlo, elivumela ukuthi lixhumane nayo amanye amadivayisi ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yendawo. Kodwa-ke, uma ufuna ukufinyelela izinsiza zangaphandle ku-inthanethi, i-router isebenzisa inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi I-NAT (Ikheli Lenethiwekhi Ukuhumusha) ukuthi uhumushe ikheli le-IP eliyimfihlo ekhelini le-IP lomphakathi elinikezwe i- ISP.
Ngokungeziwe ekuhunyushweni kwekheli le-IP, i-router iphinde inikeze eminye imisebenzi eyisisekelo, njengokuthungatha iphakethe. Lapho iphakethe ledatha lifika kumzila, irutha inquma umzila osebenza kahle kakhulu wokuyiletha lapho iya khona, ngokusekelwe kumathebula omzila kanye nezimiso zomzila ezifana ne-RIP noma i-OSPF. Lesi sici siqinisekisa ukuthi amaphakethe edatha alethwa ngokushesha nangempumelelo ngenethiwekhi. Esinye isici esibalulekile ukuphepha okuhlinzekwa umzila, ngenxa yezici ezifana ne-firewall nokuhlunga iphakethe, okuvikela inethiwekhi yendawo ekufinyeleleni okungagunyaziwe nokuhlaselwa okunonya. Ngamafuphi, irutha idlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwenethiwekhi, iqinisekisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi nokwenza lula ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi.
2. Umehluko phakathi kwekheli le-IP lomphakathi nelo eliyimfihlo
Ikheli le-IP Kuyisici esibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwe-inthanethi, ngoba ikuvumela ukuthi ukhombe futhi uthole amadivaysi axhumeka kunethiwekhi. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamakheli e-IP: omphakathi kanye neyimfihlo. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabo ilele kububanzi nakusabelo sayo.
Ikheli le-IP lomphakathi iyona ekhomba irutha noma indawo yokufinyelela ku-inthanethi futhi ivumela ukuxhumana namanye amadivaysi angaphandle kwenethiwekhi yendawo. Leli kheli linikezwe Umhlinzeki Wesevisi Ye-inthanethi (ISP) kanye ihlukile ekuxhumekeni kwe-inthanethi ngakunye. Ikheli le-IP lomphakathi livumela ukuphequlula kwe-inthanethi futhi livumela amadivayisi ukuthi axhumane namasevisi angaphandle namaseva.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikheli le-IP eliyimfihlo Isetshenziselwa ukukhomba amadivayisi ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yendawo. Lawa makheli anikezwa irutha futhi avumela ukuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi axhunywe kunethiwekhi yasekhaya noma yebhizinisi. Amakheli e-IP ayimfihlo asetshenziswa endaweni futhi awabonakali kusuka ku-inthanethi, ehlinzeka ngezinga elengeziwe lokuvikeleka. Amanye amakheli e-IP ayimfihlo ajwayelekile ngu-192.168.0.0, 10.0.0.0, kanye no-172.16.0.0.
Sengiphetha, irutha idlala indima ebalulekile ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwekheli le-IP lomphakathi kanye langasese. Inesibopho sokunikeza amakheli e-IP ayimfihlo kumadivayisi angaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yendawo kanye nokuphatha ukuxhumana nomhlaba wangaphandle ngekheli le-IP lomphakathi. Ukuba nolwazi mayelana namadivayisi kubalulekile ukuze uqonde ukuthi uxhumano lusungulwa kanjani ku-inthanethi nokuthi ukuphepha kwamadivayisi kunethiwekhi kuqinisekisiwe kanjani.
3. Irutha njengomlamuli phakathi kwekheli le-IP lomphakathi nelo eliyimfihlo
Configuración básica del router
Irutha iyidivayisi eyisihluthulelo kunethiwekhi yasekhaya noma yebhizinisi, njengoba isebenza njengomxhumanisi phakathi kwekheli le-IP lomphakathi neliyimfihlo lamadivayisi axhunywe kunethiwekhi. Ukuze lokhu kwenzeke, kuyadingeka ukwenza ukucushwa okuyisisekelo kwe-router. Lokhu kuhilela ukufinyelela esibonakalayo sayo usebenzisa ikheli le-IP, ngokuvamile elithi 192.168.1.1, kusuka kusiphequluli sewebhu. Uma usungaphakathi, idatha yokufinyelela kufanele ifakwe, okuvamise ukuba igama lomsebenzisi elizenzakalelayo nephasiwedi, nakuba kutuswa ukuthi uziguqule ngenxa yezizathu zokuphepha. Ngezilungiselelo, kokubili ikheli lasesizindeni se-intanethi kanye nekheli le-IP eliyimfihlo umzila angasethwa.
Ikheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi nelangasese
Ikheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi yilelo elihlonza idivayisi eku-inthanethi Linikezwa Umhlinzeki Wesevisi Ye-inthanethi (i-ISP) futhi lingabiwa ngamadivayisi ambalwa axhunywe kumzila ofanayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikheli le-IP eliyimfihlo yilelo elihlonza idivayisi ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yendawo. Ihloselwe ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi yangaphakathi futhi inikezwa umzila. Ikheli le-IP eliyimfihlo lakhiwe amaqembu amane ezinombolo ahlukaniswe ngezikhathi, njengokuthi 192.168.0.1. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kunobubanzi bamakheli e-IP ayimfihlo abekelwe ukusetshenziswa kumanethiwekhi asekhaya, afana nobubanzi 192.168.xx noma 10.0.0.x.
Iqhaza lerutha njengomxhumanisi
Irutha isebenza njengomxhumanisi phakathi kwamakheli e-IP omphakathi nawangasese wamadivayisi axhunywe kunethiwekhi. Uma idivayisi ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi ifuna ukuxhumana nayo enye idivayisi Ku-inthanethi, umzila unesibopho sokuthumela idatha kudivayisi ehambisanayo ngokusekelwe ekhelini layo le-IP eliyimfihlo. Lo msebenzi wenziwa ngenxa yomsebenzi womzila we-router, ovumela ukunquma indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuthumela amaphakethe wedatha. Ngokwengeziwe, irutha yenza ukuhumusha kwekheli le-IP, imiselela ikheli le-IP eliyimfihlo ledivayisi nekheli layo lasesidlangalaleni le-IP, ngaleyo ndlela iqinisekise ukuthi ukuxhumana kuyenzeka nge-inthanethi Irutha nayo inesibopho sokwamukela amaphakethe data asuka ku-inthanethi futhi awathumele kuwo idivayisi ehambisanayo ngokususelwe ekhelini layo eliyimfihlo IP. Kafushane, i-router inesibopho sokuphatha ukugeleza kwedatha phakathi kwenethiwekhi yangaphakathi neyangaphandle, iqinisekisa ukuxhumana okulungile kwamadivayisi ku-inthanethi.
4. Ukunikezwa okunamandla nokumile kwamakheli e-IP ngomzila
Ukunikezwa kwamakheli e-IP kungenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene ngomzila: ngokwezibalo noma ngokushintshashintsha. Endabeni yesabelo esimile, umlawuli wenethiwekhi ulungiselela mathupha ikheli le-IP kumzila. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ikheli le-IP elinikeziwe ngeke lishintshe ngaphandle uma umlawuli enza ukuguqulwa ekucushweni komzila. Lolu hlobo lomsebenzi luwusizo ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho kudingeka khona ukunakekela ikheli le-IP elifanayo kumadivayisi athile noma amasevisi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunikezwa okuguquguqukayo kwamakheli e-IP kusekelwe ku-DHCP (Iphrothokholi Yokulungisa I-Dynamic Host). Irutha, kulesi simo, isebenza njengeseva ye-DHCP futhi yabela ngokuzenzakalelayo amakheli e-IP kumadivayisi axhumeka kuyo. inethiwekhi. Ukwabiwa okunamandla kuvumela uhla lwamakheli e-IP ukuthi asetshenziswe futhi aphinde asetshenziswe ngempumelelo, ukugwema ukuthi kube khona izingxabano zamakheli.
Mayelana namakheli e-IP omphakathi nayimfihlo, umzila udlala indima ebalulekile emzileni wenethiwekhi nasekuhumusheni ikheli. Ikheli le-IP lomphakathi yileli lokho kusetshenziswa ukuhlonza inethiwekhi ku-inthanethi futhi inikezwe Umhlinzeki Wesevisi Ye-inthanethi (ISP) kumzila. Leli kheli lihlukile futhi livumela amadivayisi akunethiwekhi ukuthi afinyelele ku-inthanethi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amakheli e-IP ayimfihlo asetshenziselwa ukukhomba amadivayisi ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yendawo futhi anikezwa umzila. Lawa makheli agodliwe futhi awatholakali ku-inthanethi.
5. Ukubaluleka kokucushwa kwerutha okulungile kumakheli e-IP
Umzila udlala indima ebalulekile ekwabeni nasekuphatheni amakheli e-IP omphakathi nawangasese kunethiwekhi. Ikheli le-IP lomphakathi yilo elikhomba idivayisi ku-inthanethi, kuyilapho ikheli le-IP eliyimfihlo lisetshenziswa kunethiwekhi yendawo ukuze kuhlonzwe amadivayisi axhunyiwe. I-router isebenza njengomxhumanisi phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zamakheli e-IP.
Ukuze ulungiselele kahle i-router namakheli e-IP, kubalulekile ukucabangela izici ezimbalwa ezibalulekile:
- Imodi yokuxhuma: Irutha kufanele imiswe ngendlela efanele yokuxhuma kuye ngohlobo loxhumano lwe-inthanethi onalo. Lokhu kungaba ngemodemu ye-DSL, ikhebula le-Ethernet, noma uxhumano olungenantambo.
- Ukunikezwa kwekheli le-IP: Kubalulekile ukuchaza indlela amakheli e-IP azokwabelwa ngayo kunethiwekhi. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokwezibalo, ngokulungiselela mathupha ikheli le-IP ngalinye, noma ngokushintshashintshayo, kusetshenziswa iphrothokholi yokwaba ezenzakalelayo njenge-DHCP.
- Isegimenti yenethiwekhi: Uma unenethiwekhi enamadivayisi amaningi, kuyancomeka ukuthi uyihlukanise ibe ama-subnet ukuze uhleleke kangcono nokuphepha. Lokhu Kungafinyelelwa ngokumisa izigaba zamakheli e-IP ahlukene ku-subnet ngayinye kumzila.
- Izilungiselelo ze-Firewall: I-router nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikelekeni kwenethiwekhi. Kubalulekile ukulungisa kahle i-firewall yomzila ukuvimba noma yikuphi ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe kunethiwekhi.
Kafushane, ukucushwa komzila okulungile kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kwamakheli e-IP kunethiwekhi. Ngerutha, ukuxhumana kuyasungulwa phakathi kwamakheli e-IP omphakathi nawangasese, futhi izici ezinjengokwabelwa kwekheli nokuphepha kwenethiwekhi kulawulwa. Ukucushwa ngendlela efanele kwemodi yokuxhuma, ukwabiwa kwamakheli e-IP, ukuhlukaniswa kwenethiwekhi kanye nokuhlelwa kwe-firewall ngezinye zezici ezibalulekile okufanele zicatshangelwe ukuze kuzuzwe ukucushwa kwerutha okulungile.
6. Izincomo zokuvikela amakheli e-IP omphakathi newangasese
Ngabe i-router ihlobene kanjani nekheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi nelobumfihlo?
I-router idlala indima ebalulekile ekuxhumaniseni inethiwekhi yendawo ku-inthanethi, njengoba inesibopho sokuphatha ithrafikhi yedatha engenayo nephumayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idlala indima ebalulekile ekwabiweni kwakho kokubili amakheli e-IP omphakathi nawangasese. Amakheli e-IP omphakathi yilawo ahlonza inethiwekhi noma idivayisi eku-inthanethi futhi ahlinzekwa umhlinzeki wesevisi ye-inthanethi (ISP). Ngokolunye uhlangothi, Amakheli e-IP ayimfihlo asetshenziswa ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yasekhaya noma yebhizinisi futhi avumela amadivayisi amaningi ukuthi axhume ngekheli le-IP lomphakathi elilodwa.
Irutha isebenza njengomxhumanisi phakathi kwamadivayisi kunethiwekhi noxhumo lwe-inthanethi, futhi iyakwazi ukunika womabili amakheli e-IP omphakathi nawangasese kudivayisi ngayinye exhunyiwe. Isebenzisa inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi I-Network Address Translation (NAT) ukuze ihumushe amakheli e-IP ayimfihlo abe amakheli e-IP omphakathi. Ngale ndlela, Ivumela amadivayisi amaningi ukwabelana ngekheli le-IP elilodwa lomphakathi futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi ithrafikhi yedatha efanele ifinyelela idivayisi ngayinye ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi eyimfihlo. I-router futhi inamandla okuhlunga nokuphatha idatha yedatha, ihlinzeka ngezinga elengeziwe lokuphepha kunethiwekhi.
Ukuze uvikele amakheli e-IP omphakathi nawemfihlo, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umzila wakho umiswe ngendlela efanele. Kunconywa ukuthi ushintshe amaphasiwedi azenzakalelayo we-router futhi unike amandla ukuqinisekiswa kokufinyelela. Ngaphandle kwalokho, Kubalulekile ukugcina i-firmware yerutha yakho ibuyekeziwe ukuze uvikele ezingozini ezaziwayo. También se aconseja lungisa i-firewall kokubili kumzila nakumadivayisi axhunywe kunethiwekhi, ukuhlunga nokuvimba ithrafikhi engagunyaziwe. Esinye isinyathelo sokuphepha esinconywayo yi sebenzisa izimiso eziyisisekelo zokubethela, njenge-WPA2, ukuvikela inethiwekhi engenantambo.
7. Ukuphathwa kwembobo kumzila wekheli le-IP lomphakathi neliyimfihlo
Omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu ye-router ukuphatha amachweba amakheli e-IP omphakathi nawangasese. Imbobo ikheli elinengqondo elivumela ukuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi amabili. kunethiwekhi. Endabeni ye-router, isebenza njengendawo yokuxhuma phakathi kwenethiwekhi yendawo kanye nenethiwekhi yangaphandle, okwenza kube lula ukudluliswa kwedatha phakathi kwamadivayisi axhunyiwe nomhlaba wangaphandle.
I-router iyasetshenziswa izinhlobo ezimbili zamakheli e-IP: esidlangalaleni nangasese. Ikheli lasesizindeni se-intanethi yilelo elihlonza idivayisi kunethiwekhi yangaphandle, kuyilapho ikheli le-IP eliyimfihlo lisetshenziselwa ukukhomba amadivayisi. amadivayisi kunethiwekhi wendawo. Ukuphatha izimbobo kumzila kukuvumela ukuthi usungule ukuxhumana okuphephile nokusebenzayo phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zamakheli e-IP.
Ukuphathwa kwembobo kumzila kuhilela ukucushwa kanye nokwabiwa kwe izinombolo zechweba ngamasevisi ahlukene noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisetshenziswa kunethiwekhi yendawo. Lokhu kuvumela amadivayisi akunethiwekhi yangaphandle ukuthi axhumane namadivayisi athile kunethiwekhi yendawo ngalezo zimbobo. Isibonelo, uma ufuna ukufinyelela iseva yewebhu yangaphakathi ukusuka ku-inthanethi, udinga ukulungisa umzila wakho ukuze uqondise kabusha ithrafikhi isuka ku-port 80 (imbobo ejwayelekile ye-HTTP) iye ekhelini le-IP langasese leseva yewebhu. Lesi silungiselelo siqinisekisa ukuthi ithrafikhi engenayo eqondiswe ku-port 80 iqondiswe kuseva yewebhu yangaphakathi hhayi kwamanye amadivayisi yenethiwekhi. Ukuphatha kahle izimbobo kumzila kubalulekile ekuvikelekeni nokusebenza kahle kwenethiwekhi..
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