umbhalo umakhalekhukhwini kuyinqubo Indlela eyisisekelo kubhayoloji yamangqamuzana ehlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-RNA kusuka ku-molecule ye-DNA esebenza njengesifanekiso. Lokhu okulotshiweyo kubalulekile ekuvezeni izakhi zofuzo nokukhiqizwa kwamaprotheni ezintweni eziphilayo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe incazelo kanye nezindlela zokulotshwa kwamaselula, kanye nokubaluleka kwayo ekuqondeni izinqubo zamaselula nokuthuthukisa izindlela zokwelapha ezintsha.
I-Cellular Transcription: Incazelo kanye Nemisebenzi
Ukulotshwa kweselula kuyinqubo ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwamaseli. Isho inqubo lapho i-RNA ihlanganiswa ngokulandelana kwe-DNA. Ngokusebenzisa Le nqubo, ulwazi lwezakhi zofuzo oluqukethwe ku-DNA luyabhalwa futhi luguqulelwe esimweni esilawulekayo nesisebenza kakhudlwana sengqamuzana.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko wokulotshwa kweselula ukukhiqizwa kwe-messenger RNA (mRNA). I-mRNA iwuhlobo lwe-RNA ethwala ulwazi lofuzo lusuka ku-DNA luye kuma-ribosomes, lapho luhunyushwa lube amaprotheni. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni kubalulekile ekukhuleni, ekuthuthukisweni nasekulondolozeni amangqamuzana nezinto eziphilayo.
Ngokungeziwe ku-mRNA, ukulotshwa kweselula kungaphinda kukhiqize ezinye izinhlobo ze-RNA, njengokudlulisa i-RNA (tRNA) ne-ribosomal RNA (rRNA). I-tRNA inesibopho sokuthutha ama-amino acid adingekayo ukuze kuhlanganiswe amaprotheni, kuyilapho i-rRNA iyingxenye yama-ribosomes, ama-organelle amaselula anesibopho sokwenziwa kwamaprotheni. Lezi zinhlobo ezahlukene ze-RNA zisebenza ndawonye ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ulwazi lofuzo lulotshwe ngendlela efanele futhi luhunyushelwe kumaprotheni asebenzayo kuseli.
Izindlela Zokulotshwa Kweselula
Lezi uchungechunge lwezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezenzeka ku-nucleus yeseli. Lezi zindlela zibalulekile ekukhulumeni kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni. Ezinye zezingxenye eziyinhloko nezinyathelo ezihilelekile kule nqubo zichazwe ngezansi:
- Izici zokuloba: Lawa amaprotheni abophezela ukulandelana kwe-DNA ethize futhi alawule ukulotshwa kofuzo. Izinto ezilotshiweyo zingaba ama-activators noma izicindezeli, futhi ukusebenzisana kwazo ne-DNA kunquma ukuthi isakhi sofuzo sibhaliwe noma cha.
- I-RNA polymerase: Le yi-enzyme enesibopho sokuhlanganisa i-RNA kusuka ku-molecule ye-DNA yesifanekiso. Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa ze-RNA polymerase, ngayinye enesibopho sokuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-RNA, njenge- messenger RNA (mRNA) noma i-ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
Izigaba zokulotshwa kweselula
Ukulotshwa kweselula kuyinqubo eyisisekelo eyenzeka ku-nucleus yamaseli e-eukaryotic, lapho isithunywa i-RNA (mRNA) sihlanganiswa sisuka ochungechungeni lwe-DNA. Le nqubo ihlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukuqaliswa, ukwelula, kanye nokuqedwa.
Ukuqaliswa: Phakathi nalesi sigaba, i-enzyme i-RNA polymerase ibophezela kumgqugquzeli othile ochungechungeni lwe-DNA futhi iqalise ukulotshwa. Umgqugquzeli uqashelwa ngamaprotheni alawulayo, asiza ukuqasha nokuqondisa i-RNA polymerase endaweni efanele. Uma i-RNA polymerase ibopha, ikhulula imicu ye-DNA futhi iqala ukuhlanganisa i-mRNA ehambisana nenye yezintambo.
Ubude: Kulesi sigaba, i-RNA polymerase iyaqhubeka nokuhamba eduze kwe-DNA strand futhi ihlanganisa i-mRNA. Njengoba iqhubeka, i-DNA iyahlehla ukuze igcine ukwakheka kwayo okuyi-double-helix. I-RNA polymerase ibhala ukulandelana kwe-DNA ku-mRNA, kusetshenziswa izisekelo ezihambisanayo i-AU, GC, CG, ne-TA. Le nqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kufinyelelwe ekupheleni kokulandelana kwekhodi.
Ukunqanyulwa: Esinyathelweni sokugcina, i-RNA polymerase ifinyelela ukulandelana kokuqeda ku-DNA, okubonisa ukuphela kokulotshwa. Uma i-RNA polymerase ifinyelela kulokhu kulandelana, iyama futhi ihlukane ne-DNA. I-mRNA ehlanganisiwe iyakhululwa futhi isilungele ukushiya i-nucleus yeseli futhi iqonde kuma-ribosomes ukuze ihunyushwe ibe amaprotheni.
Izinto ezinomthelela ekulotshweni kweselula
Ukulotshwa kweselula kuyinqubo eyisisekelo ekukhulumeni kofuzo, lapho ulwazi lofuzo olugcinwe ku-DNA lukopishwa ngendlela yesithunywa i-RNA (mRNA). Lokhu kukopisha kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni amaprotheni kanye nokulawulwa komsebenzi wamaselula. Izinto ezimbalwa zingaba nomthelela ekulotshweni kweselula, okuhlanganisa:
1. Izici zofuzo: I-genome yento ngayinye ephilayo iqukethe ukulandelana kwe-DNA okuthile okusebenza njengezimpawu zokuqala noma zokumisa ukuloba. Ukuba khona koguquko kulokhu kulandelana kungathinta ukusebenza kahle noma ukunemba kokulotshiweyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlukahluka kofuzo phakathi kwabantu kungaba nomthelela ekuphenduleni kweseli kusisusa sangaphandle esishintsha ukuloba.
2. Izici zemvelo: Imvelo lapho iseli lihlala khona ingaba nomthelela omkhulu ekulotshweni. Izinguquko kuzinga lokushisa, ukutholakala kwezakhi, ukuba khona kwama-molecule abonisayo, kanye nokuchayeka ezicini zokucindezeleka kungalawula umsebenzi wofuzo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kuthinte ukulotshwa kwamaselula.
3. Izici ze-Epigenetic: Izindlela ze-Epigenetic, ezifana ne-DNA methylation nokuguqulwa kwe-histone, zingalawula ukulotshwa kwamaselula. Lokhu kuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali kungenza kusebenze noma kuthulise ukubonakaliswa kofuzo, kuthonye indlela iseli elisabela ngayo endaweni yalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici ze-epigenetic zingadluliswa zisuka kwesinye isizukulwane ziye kwesinye, ziqhubekisele phambili amaphethini athile okuloba.
Ukulawulwa Kokubhalwa Kweselula
Kuyinqubo eyinhloko ekukhulumeni kofuzo kanye nokulawula imisebenzi yamaselula. Kubandakanya uchungechunge lwezinqubo ezixhumanisa ukwenziwa kusebenze kanye nokwenziwa kwezakhi zofuzo zingasebenzi ngokuphendula amasignali angaphakathi nangaphandle.
Enye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokulawula isenzo sezici zokuloba, amaprotheni abophezela ku-DNA ezindaweni ezithile ezibizwa ngokuthi izakhi zokulawula. Lezi zici zokuloba zingenza kusebenze noma zivimbele ukulotshwa kwe-DNA, kuye ngesignali eyamukelwe kanye nomxholo weselula.
Ngokungeziwe kuzici zokuloba, amanye ama-molecule nawo abamba iqhaza ekulotshweni. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-coactivator nama-corepressor, asebenzisana nezici zokuloba ukuze alungise umsebenzi wawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguqulwa kwe-epigenetic, okufana ne-DNA methylation nokuguqulwa kwe-histone, nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile kule nqubo.
Ukubaluleka Kokulotshwa Kweselula Ezinqubweni Zebhayoloji
Ukulawulwa kokuvezwa kofuzo: Ukuloba kweselula kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukubonakaliswa kofuzo. Ivumela izakhi zofuzo ukuthi zenziwe zisebenze noma zithuliswe ngokuphendula amasignali angaphakathi noma angaphandle. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuze amangqamuzana aphendule futhi azivumelanise nendawo yawo, okuvumela inqwaba yezinqubo zebhayoloji ezifana nokukhula kombungu, ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, kanye nokusabela kokuzivikela komzimba.
Amaprotheni synthesis: Ukulotshwa kweselula kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuhlanganiseni amaprotheni. Phakathi nale nqubo, i-DNA yofuzo ibhalwa ku-molecule ye-RNA (mRNA) yesithunywa. Le mRNA ibe isihunyushwa ibe amaprotheni kuma-ribosomes. Amaprotheni ama-molecule anesibopho sokwenza imisebenzi eminingi kuseli, ngakho-ke ukulotshwa kwamaselula kubalulekile ekugcineni i-homeostasis kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezinqubo ze-metabolic kanye nokulawula.
Ukuhlukahluka okusebenzayo: Ukulotshwa kweselula kuvumela ukukhiqizwa kokuhlukahluka kokusebenza entweni ephilayo. Ngezinqubo ezinjengokuhlanganisa okunye, lapho ama-exons ahlukene we-mRNA esuswa noma ahlanganiswe ndawonye, ama-isoform amaningi amaprotheni angenziwa kufuzo olulodwa. Lokhu kwehlukahlukana okusebenzayo kubalulekile ekukhethekileni kwezinhlobo zamaseli ahlukene kanye nezicubu entweni ephilayo, okuvumela ukuzivumelanisa nemisebenzi eyahlukene kanye nokuqinisekisa ubunkimbinkimbi bezinqubo zebhayoloji.
Amasu asetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwe-Cellular Transcription
Ucwaningo lokulotshwa kwamaselula luqhutshwa ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu ahlukahlukene asivumela ukuthi siphenye futhi siqonde le nqubo ebalulekile. Ngezansi, sethula amanye amasu asetshenziswa kakhulu ocwaningweni lokulotshwa kwamaselula:
- I-RNA-Seq: Le nqubo ivumela ukulandelana kwe-RNA okukhulu, inikeze ulwazi mayelana nemibhalo ekhona kusampula yeseli. Ingasetshenziselwa ukukhomba imibhalo emisha, ukuhlaziya isisho sofuzo, futhi kutholwe izinguquko esakhiweni se-RNA. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-RNA-Seq ivumela ukufundwa kokushintshashintsha kokubhala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
- I-ChiP-Seq: I-Chromatin immunoprecipitation elandelwa ukulandelana iyithuluzi elinamandla lokuhlonza amasayithi abopha amaprotheni ezingeni le-genome. Ngokusebenzisa amasosha omzimba athile, i-DNA ingakwazi ukugonywa kanye namaprotheni ayibopha ngesikhathi esithile. I-DNA ibe ilandelana futhi ihlaziywe ukuze kuhlonzwe izifunda lapho inothiswa khona, inikeze ulwazi mayelana nokusebenzisana kwamaprotheni-DNA futhi ivumele ucwaningo lokulawulwa kokubhala.
- I-Electromobility Shift Assay (EMSA): Le nqubo isetshenziselwa ukutadisha ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamaprotheni nama-nucleic acid. Kubandakanya ukuhlukaniswa kwama-protein-DNA complexes nge-electrophoresis kujeli ye-agarose. Ama-complexes abonwa njengezinguquko ekuhambeni kwamabhande, okubonisa ukwakheka kwe-protein-DNA complexes. I-EMSA ilusizo ekuhlonzeni amaprotheni abophezela ukulandelana kokulawula kubagqugquzeli abathile bezakhi zofuzo kanye nokunquma ukuhlobana kanye nokucaciswa kokusebenzelana kwamaprotheni-DNA.
Izinselelo nobunzima ekulotshweni kwamaselula
Izinselelo Ekulotshweni Kweselula
Ukulotshwa kweselula kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ebalulekile ekukhulumeni kofuzo. Nokho, iveza uchungechunge lwezinselelo nobunzima abacwaningi okufanele babunqobe ukuze bayiqonde ngokugcwele le nqubo. Ngezansi ezinye zezinselelo ezinkulu ekulotshweni kweselula:
- Ukuhlukahluka ekusebenzeni kahle kokuloba: Ukusebenza kahle kokuloba kungahluka phakathi kwezakhi zofuzo ezihlukene nangezikhathi ezihlukene phakathi nokuthuthukiswa kweseli. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kungenza kube nzima ukuhlonza amaphethini okuloba nokuhumusha ukusho kofuzo.
- Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto ezilotshiweyo: Izici zokuloba zingamaprotheni abophezela ku-DNA futhi alawule ukulotshwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezithile. Ukutadisha ukusebenzisana phakathi kwalezi zici kanye nomthelela wazo ekulotshweni kweselula kuyinselele ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezici ezihilelekile.
- Okunye ukucubungula kwe-RNA: Ngesikhathi sokuloba, isithunywa se-RNA (mRNA) singase sihlangane ngokunye, sikhiqize ama-isoform amaprotheni amaningi asuka kufuzo olulodwa. Ukufunda lawa ma-isoforms kanye nomsebenzi wawo kuseli kungaba nzima futhi kudinga amasu athuthukile okulandelana kwe-genomic.
Sengiphetha, ukulotshwa kweselula kuveza uchungechunge lwezinselelo nobunzima obudinga ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezisha namasu ocwaningo lwakho. Ukunqoba lezi zinselele kubalulekile ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele ukuthi umshini wamangqamuzana olawula ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo usebenza kanjani futhi ngaleyo ndlela uthuthuke izinkambu ezifana nezokwelapha kanye ne-biotechnology.
Imithelela Yokulotshwa Kweselula Kwezempilo Yomuntu
Ukulotshwa kweselula kuyinqubo eyisisekelo ekukhulumeni kofuzo futhi kudlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yomuntu. Ukuqonda okushiwo yile nqubo kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ucwaningo nokwelashwa kwezifo ezihlukahlukene.
Enye yezinto eziyinhloko ubuhlobo bayo nomdlavuza. Izinguquko ekulawuleni ukulotshwa kofuzo zingaholela ekukhulumeni ngokweqile noma ekucindezelweni kofuzo okuhlobene nokusabalala kwamaseli okungalawuleki. Lokhu kungaholela ekwakhekeni kwesimila, ukukhula kwe-metastasis, nokumelana nokwelashwa. Ucwaningo lwezindlela zokulotshwa kwamaselula lusivumele ukuthi sihlonze izinhloso ezintsha zokwelapha futhi sithuthukise ukwelashwa okukhona komdlavuza.
Omunye umthelela obalulekile wokulotshwa kwamaselula empilweni yomuntu indima yawo ezifweni zofuzo. Ukuguqulwa kwezinto zokulawula ukuloba kungabangela izifo ezizuzwa njenge-Down syndrome noma i-cystic fibrosis. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulotshwa kwamaselula kuphinde kuthintwa yizici zemvelo njengokuchayeka kubuthi, okungaholela ekulimaleni kwe-DNA namaphutha okulotshwa. Lawa maphutha angaholela ezinhlobonhlobo zezifo, kusukela ekuphazamisekeni kwe-immunological kuya ezifweni ze-neurodeergenerative.
Ngamafuphi, zinkulu futhi zihlukahlukene. Ukusuka ekuthuthukiseni ukwelashwa komdlavuza kuya ekuqondeni izifo zofuzo, ucwaningo lokulotshwa kwamaselula ludlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono impilo. kanye nenhlalakahle kwabantu. Kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nokucwaninga nokwandisa ulwazi lwethu kulo mkhakha ukuze siqhubeke sithuthukela emuthini osebenza ngempumelelo futhi oqondene nawe.
Intuthuko yakamuva ocwaningweni lokulotshwa kwamaselula
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kube nenqubekelaphambili ebalulekile ocwaningweni lokulotshwa kwamaselula, inqubo eyisisekelo ekuvezeni izakhi zofuzo ezintweni eziphilayo. Ngezansi eminye yemiphumela ephawuleka kakhulu kulo mkhakha:
– Ukuhlonzwa kwezinto ezintsha zokulotshwa: Kutholwe izici ezimbalwa ezengeziwe ezilawula umsebenzi wofuzo ngezikhathi ezihlukene kanye nasezimo ezihlukile zamaselula. Lezi zici ezintsha zokulotshwa zinwebe ukuqonda kwethu izindlela zamangqamuzana ezihilelekile ekulawuleni ukulotshwa kwamaselula.
- Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto ezilotshiweyo: Ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi kuboniswe ukuthi kukhona phakathi kwezinto ezihlukene zokulotshwa, ezilungisa umsebenzi wazo futhi zingathonya ukubonakaliswa kofuzo. Lokhu kuhlanganyela kunikeza umbono onemininingwane eminingi yokuthi izinqubo zokulotshwa zihlanganiswa kanjani ukuze kulawulwe umsebenzi weselula.
- Ucwaningo lwezinguquko ze-epigenetic: Ucwaningo luye lwembula ukubaluleka kokuguqulwa kwe-epigenetic ekulawuleni ukulotshwa kwamaselula. Lezi zinguquko, ezifana ne-DNA methylation nokuguqulwa kwe-histone, kungenza kusebenze noma kuthulise ufuzo futhi kuthinte ukutholakala kwezinto ezilotshiweyo ku-genome. Ucwaningo lwalezi zinguquko luvule izindlela ezintsha zokuqonda kangcono ukulawulwa kokulotshwa kanye nendima yawo ezifweni ezahlukahlukene.
Imibono yesikhathi esizayo nezincomo kokuthi Cellular Transcription
Umkhakha wokulotshwa kwamaselula ube nentuthuko enkulu eminyakeni yamuva nje futhi kulindeleke ukuthi uqhubeke nokuthuthuka ngokushesha esikhathini esizayo. Njengoba izindlela zamangqamuzana zixazululwa futhi kutholwa namasu amasha, amathuba amasha ajabulisayo ocwaningo nokusebenzisa emtholampilo ayavuleka. Ngezansi amanye amathemba esikhathi esizayo athembisa kakhulu:
- Ukuguqulwa kokulotshiweyo: Ngolwazi oluzuziwe mayelana nezinqubo zokulotshwa kwamaselula, amasu ayathuthukiswa ukuze kulungiswe umsebenzi wokulotshwa. Lokhu kungavula izindlela ezintsha zokwelapha izifo zofuzo ezizuzwe njengefa noma ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic.
- Ukuhlelwa kofuzo okunembile: Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlela izakhi zofuzo, njenge-CRISPR-Cas9, buye bashintsha ibhayoloji yamangqamuzana ngokunika amandla ukuhlela okunembayo kwe-genome. Ngokuzayo, le ndlela yokusebenza kulindeleke ukuthi icwengisiswe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle nokunciphisa imiphumela emibi engadingeki.
- Ukwelashwa kofuzo okuthuthukisiwe: Ukwelashwa ngofuzo kufakazele ukuthi kuyisu elithembisayo lokwelapha izifo zofuzo. Eminyakeni ezayo, izindlela zokwelapha ezintsha zofuzo ezisuselwe ekukhohlisweni kokulotshwa kwamaselula kulindeleke ukuthi zithuthukiswe, ezingaba nomthelela omkhulu. kwezokwelapha ukuvuselela kanye nokwelashwa kwezifo ezimbi kakhulu.
Ukuze kwandiswe amandla okulotshwa kweselula ocwaningweni nasekuzijwayezeni komtholampilo, okulandelayo kuyanconywa:
- Ukubambisana okukhulu kwezinhlaka ezahlukene: Uma kubhekwa ububanzi obuyinkimbinkimbi nobukhulu bokulotshwa kwamaselula, ukubambisana okuseduze kuyadingeka phakathi kososayensi abavela emikhakheni eyahlukene, okuhlanganisa i-molecular biology, genomics, bioinformatics, kanye nezokwelapha.
- Nikela izinsiza ukuze wenze ucwaningo: Ukulotshwa kweselula kuhlala kuyindawo yocwaningo esebenzayo futhi ehlala ivela. Ukutshala izinsiza ocwaningweni oluyisisekelo nolusetshenziswayo kubalulekile ukuze uqhubekisele phambili ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha nokutholwa kwesayensi.
- Ukuhlola nokulawula ukuziphatha: Njengoba izicelo zokulotshwa kwamaseli ziya emtholampilo, ukuhlolwa okuqinile kwezimiso zokuziphatha kanye nemithetho izobaluleka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwalobu buchwepheshe futhi kubhekwane nokukhathazeka okungaba khona kwezimiso zokuziphatha nezenhlalo.
Izicelo Zokulotshwa Kweselula ku-Biotechnology kanye Nezokwelapha
Ukulotshwa kweselula kuyithuluzi elinamandla eliguqule i-biotechnology kanye nemithi emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Izicelo zakho Kule mikhakha ziningi futhi izindlela ezintsha zokuyisebenzisa ezisaqhubeka nokutholakala. kahle futhi ngempumelelo.
Ku-biotechnology, ukulotshwa kwamaselula kusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amaphrotheni aphindayo anentshisekelo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amaprotheni athile angahlanganiswa ngobuningi futhi ngendlela elawulwayo. Lawa maprotheni aphinde ahlanganiswe anezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza, kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwezidakamizwa nokugoma kuya ekukhiqizweni kwama-enzyme nemikhiqizo yezimboni.
Kwezokwelapha, ukulotshwa kwamaseli kunikeza indlela ethembisayo yokwelapha izifo zofuzo. Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka mayelana nokuthi kungenzeka kusetshenziswe ukulotshwa kwamaseli ukulungisa ukuguqulwa kwe-DNA nokubuyisela ukusebenza okuvamile kofuzo. Lokhu kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ekwelapheni izifo ezinjengomdlavuza, isifo senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, kanye nezifo ze-neurodeergenerative.
Ukubaluleka kwemfundo kanye nokufinyelela ku-Cell Transcription
Ukulotshwa kweselula kuyinqubo eyisisekelo ekukhulumeni kofuzo kanye nokulawulwa komsebenzi weselula. Kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni, lapho ulwazi lofuzo oluqukethwe ku-DNA lubhalwa ku- messenger RNA (mRNA). Lokhu okulotshiweyo kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni amaprotheni athile enza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene emzimbeni.
Kulele eqinisweni lokuthi kusivumela ukuthi siqonde ukuthi izakhi zofuzo zilawulwa kanjani nokuthi ukuguqulwa kwenqubo yokubhala kungabangela kanjani izifo zofuzo. Ngokuqonda ukuthi le nqubo isebenza kanjani, kungenziwa izindlela zokwelapha ezintsha kanye nemithi yokwelapha izifo zofuzo.
Ezinye zezinzuzo zokufundisa nokusabalalisa ulwazi mayelana ne-Cell Transcription yilezi:
- Ukuqonda kangcono izindlela zamangqamuzana alawula ukubonakaliswa kofuzo.
- Ukuhlonzwa kwezinhloso zokwelapha ezingaba khona zokuthuthukiswa kwezidakamizwa.
- Igalelo ekuvimbeleni nasekwelapheni izifo zofuzo.
- Ukukhuthazwa kocwaningo nokuthuthuka kwesayensi emkhakheni wezofuzo.
Ngamafuphi, imfundo nokuxhumana mayelana nokulotshwa kwamaselula kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ulwazi nokuqonda le nqubo ebalulekile yamangqamuzana. Lokhu kuzosiza ukuqhubekisela phambili ukuthuthukiswa kokwelashwa kwezakhi zofuzo okunembile futhi kuthuthukise izinga lempilo yabantu abathintwe izifo zofuzo.
Q&A
Umbuzo: Kuyini ukulotshwa kweselula?
A: Ukubhalwa kweselula kuyinqubo ebalulekile eyenzeka kumaseli ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-molecule e-RNA (ribonucleic acid) olwazini lofuzo oluqukethwe ku-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Le khophi ye-RNA isebenza njengomxhumanisi phakathi kwe-DNA kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni.
Q: Ithini incazelo yokulotshwa kwamaselula?
A: Ukulotshwa kweselula kuyinqubo lapho umucu we-DNA ukopishelwa ku-molecule ye-RNA. I-RNA ewumphumela ihambisana neyodwa yezintambo ze-DNA futhi iqukethe ulwazi olunekhodi olungahunyushwa lube amaprotheni ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni ku-cytoplasm.
Q: Yiziphi izici ezibalulekile zokulotshwa kwamaselula?
A: Izakhi ezibalulekile zokulotshwa kwamaselula zihlanganisa: I-DNA polymerase II, i-enzyme eyenza ukuhlanganiswa kwe-RNA kusuka kusifanekiso se-DNA; izici zokuloba, amaprotheni abophezela ezifundeni ezithile ze-DNA nokusiza ukuqalisa noma ukulawula ukuloba; nabathuthukisi, ukulandelana kwe-DNA okutholakala eduze kwezakhi zofuzo ezibonisa ukuqala kokulotshwa.
Q: Yini ukubaluleka kokulotshwa kwamaselula?
A: Ukuloba ngeselula kuyinqubo eyisisekelo evumela ukubonakaliswa kofuzo. Ngokuloba, ulwazi lofuzo olugcinwe ku-DNA ludluliselwa kuma-molecule e-RNA, nawo abangele ukwakheka kwamaprotheni. Lawa maprotheni abalulekile ekwakheni, ekusebenzeni nasekulawuleni amangqamuzana nezinto eziphilayo.
Umbuzo: Kulawulwa kanjani ukulotshwa kweselula?
A: Ukulotshwa kweselula kulawulwa inethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yezindlela. Izinto ezilotshiweyo, ngokwesibonelo, zingabophezela ezifundeni ezithile ze-DNA futhi zenze kusebenze noma zivimbele ukuloba. Ezinye izindlela zifaka ukuguqulwa kwe-epigenetic, njenge-DNA methylation, engathinta futhi ukubonakaliswa kofuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasiginali athile emvelo, njengamahomoni noma izimo ezithile zamaselula, angathonya ukulawulwa kokulotshwa.
Q: Yimiphi imithelela okulotshwa kwamaselula kunawo emkhakheni wocwaningo lwebhayoloji?
A: Ukuqonda ukulotshwa kwamaselula kubalulekile ocwaningweni lwebhayoloji. Ngokuqonda ukuthi izakhi zofuzo zibhalwa futhi zilawulwe kanjani, ososayensi bangathola ukuqonda okubalulekile ngezifo, ukuthuthukiswa komzimba, izimpendulo zamaselula ekushukumiseni kwangaphandle, nokunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lokulotshwa kwamaselula luholele ekuthuthukisweni kwamasu athuthukile, njengokuhlela izakhi zofuzo, avumela ukukhohliswa okunembile kwe-DNA ne-RNA ngezinjongo zokwelapha noma zocwaningo.
Amaphuzu abalulekile
Sengiphetha, ukulotshwa kwamaselula kuyinqubo eyisisekelo ekukhulumeni kwezakhi zofuzo, lapho ama-molecule e-RNA ahlanganiswa olwazini olufakwe ku-DNA. Le nqubo idinga ukubamba iqhaza okunembile kwezingxube ze-enzyme nezinto zokulotshwa, ezisebenza ngendlela ehlelekile nelawulwayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhiqizwa okulungile kwe-RNA yesithunywa nezinye izinhlobo ze-RNA esebenzayo.
Ukulotshwa kweselula kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni nasekusebenzeni kwezinto eziphilayo, njengoba kuvumela ukuhunyushwa kolwazi lofuzo emikhiqizweni yamangqamuzana kanye nezinqubo ezibalulekile zebhayoloji. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqonda nokutadisha kwayo okujulile kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthuke emikhakheni efana nezokwelapha, i-biotechnology, kanye nebhayoloji yamangqamuzana, okubeka isisekelo socwaningo nokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esizayo.
Ngamafuphi, ukulotshwa kweselula kuyinqubo elawulwa kakhulu nenembayo edlala indima ebalulekile ekukhulumeni kofuzo nasekukhiqizeni ama-RNA asebenzayo. Ukuqhubeka nocwaningo lwayo oluningiliziwe kuzofaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi nasekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela zokwelapha ezintsha kanye nobuchwepheshe be-biomedical.
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