Ukuhlanganiswa Kweselula: Indima eyisisekelo yokuxhumana phakathi kwamaseli kuzinto eziphilayo zamangqamuzana amaningi
Isingeniso Sokuhlanganiswa Kweselula
Ukuhlanganiswa umakhalekhukhwini kuyinqubo okuyisisekelo kubhayoloji, okubhekisela endleleni amangqamuzana axhumana ngayo futhi axhumana ngayo. Kungalokhu kuhlanganiswa lapho ibhalansi kanye ne-homeostasis kugcinwa khona ezintweni eziphilayo eziningi zeselula kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa izindlela nezakhiwo ezihlukene, ezifana nokuxhumana kwamaselula kanye namasignali amakhemikhali.
Enye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokuhlanganiswa kwamaselula ukuhlangana kwe-intercellular ngokusebenzisa ukuxhumana kwamaselula. Lokhu kuxhumana kusungulwa phakathi kwamaseli aseduze futhi kuvumelaukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwawo. Phakathi kokuxhumana okuyinhloko kwamaselula kukhona ama-desmosomes, imifantu exhumanayo, kanye nokuhlangana okuqinile. Lokhu kuxhumana kuvumela ukushintshaniswa kwama-molecule namasignali phakathi kwamaseli, okwenza kube lula ukuhlotshaniswa nokuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi yamaselula.
Esinye isici esibalulekile sokuhlanganiswa kwamangqamuzana yikhono lamaseli lokwamukela nokusabela kumasignali amakhemikhali. Amaseli angathola amasignali endaweni yawo ngama-receptors kulwelwesi lwamaseli awo. Lawa ma-receptors angathola izinto ezahlukahlukene, njengamahomoni, ama-neurotransmitters kanye nezici zokukhula. Uma iseli selithole isignali, lingakwazi ukuqalisa impendulo ethile ngokusebenzisa ama-cascade okubonisa ama-intracellular. Le nqubo ukuqashelwa kanye—ukusabela kumasignali amakhemikhali kubalulekile ekuxhumaneni kwamaselula kanye nokuhlanganiswa.
Ukwakheka nokwakheka kwamaseli
Amaseli angamayunithi ayisisekelo empilo futhi anokwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nesakhiwo esiwavumela ukuthi enze yonke imisebenzi ebalulekile. Amaseli angaba yi-prokaryotic noma i-eukaryotic, futhi ahlukaniswa ikakhulukazi ngokuba khona noma ukungabikho kwe-nucleus Izingxenye eziyinhloko ezakha iseli le-eukaryotic zichazwe ngezansi.
Ulwelwesi lweplasma: Kuwungqimba oluncane oluhlukanisa iseli futhi lulawule ukushintshana kwezinto nemvelo yangaphandle. Ikakhulukazi yakhiwe i-lipid bilayer kanye namaprotheni anomthwalo wemfanelo wokuyiqinisa kanye nokwenza lula ukuthuthwa kwama-molecule.
Umongo: Iyisikhungo sokulawula seseli ye-eukaryotic futhi iqukethe ulwazi lofuzo olugcinwe ku-DNA. Izungezwe ulwelwesi olukabili olubizwa ngokuthi imvilophu yenuzi futhi ngaphakathi kunezakhi zofuzo ezihlelwe ngama-chromosome.
Organelos: Ayizakhiwo ezikhethekile ngaphakathi kweseli ezenza imisebenzi ethile. Amanye ama-organelle ayinhloko i-endoplasmic reticulum, i-Golgi apparatus, i-lysosomes, i-peroxisomes, i-mitochondria kanye nama-chloroplast (kumaseli ezitshalo). I-organelle ngayinye inesakhiwo esithile kanye nokwakheka okuyivumela ukuthi yenze imisebenzi yayo ethile esitokisini.
Imisebenzi kanye nezindlela zokuhlanganiswa kwamaselula
Ukuhlanganiswa kwamaselula kuyinqubo ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngezinqubo ezikhethekile, amaseli ayasebenzisana futhi axhumanise imisebenzi yawo ukuze agcine i-homeostasis futhi enze imisebenzi ebalulekile. Ngezansi eminye yemisebenzi esemqoka nezindlela ezibandakanyekayo kule nqubo:
- Ukuxhumana kweselula: Amaseli axhumana ngamasignali amakhemikhali, avumela ukudluliswa kolwazi phakathi kwawo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokukhishwa kwama-molecule akhombisayo, njengamahomoni noma ama-neurotransmitters, abophezela kuma-receptors athile kwamanye amaseli.
- Ukudidiyelwa kwemisebenzi: Ukuhlanganiswa kweselula kubalulekile ukuxhumanisa imisebenzi yezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaseli namathishu entweni ephilayo. Isibonelo, isimiso sezinzwa sivumela ukuxhumana nokuxhumana phakathi kwamangqamuzana ezinzwa, okuvumela ukudluliswa kwezimpawu ngokushesha kanye nezimpendulo ezisheshayo ku-stimuli.
- Ukwelashwa kwe-homeostasis: Ukuhlanganiswa kwamaselula kubalulekile ukugcina ibhalansi yangaphakathi engashintshi, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-homeostasis. Amaseli ayaxhumana futhi axhumanise ukuze alawule amapharamitha afana nezinga lokushisa, i-pH, ukugcwala kwezinto, nezinye izici ezithinta indawo yeselula.
Ukubaluleka kokuhlanganiswa kwamaselula ekuthuthukisweni kwezinto eziphilayo
Inhlangano yamaselula:
Ilele ekhonweni layo lokwakha izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi nezisebenzayo. Ingqamuzana iyiyunithi eyisisekelo yokuphila futhi ukuxhumana kwayo okufanele nokusebenzisana namanye amangqamuzana kubalulekile ekusindeni nasekukhuleni kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlobo zamangqamuzana ahlukene kanye nokukhethekile kwemisebenzi yawo, kufinyelelwa ukwakhiwa kwezicubu nezinhlelo ezivumela ukusebenza kahle kwento ephilayo iyonke.
Ukudidiyela kanye nokulawula:
Ekuthuthukisweni kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuhlanganiswa kwamaselula kuvumela ukusebenzisana okwanele kanye nokulawulwa kwezinqubo zezinto eziphilayo. Amaseli axhumana kusetshenziswa amasiginali amakhemikhali nawomzimba, okubavumela ukuthi balungise umsebenzi wabo esabela ku-stimu yangaphakathi nengaphandle. Leli khono lokuphendula ingqamuzana engqamuzaneni liqinisekisa ukuthi izinqubo ezibalulekile zenziwa ngendlela ehambisanayo nephumelelayo, eqinisekisa ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa okufanele kwezinto eziphilayo.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo nokuzivumelanisa nezimo:
Ukuhlanganiswa kwamaselula nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo nasekuguquleni izinto eziphilayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amangqamuzana asungule izindlela zokuxhumana nokubambisana eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezivumela izinto eziphilayo ukuthi zizivumelanise nezimo nezimo ezihlukahlukene. Lokhu upulasitiki nokusabela kwamaseli bekubalulekile ekusindeni nasekuhlukanisekeni kwezinto eziphilayo emlandweni wempilo Emhlabeni.
Ukulawulwa kwezakhi zofuzo nokuhlanganiswa kwamaselula
Ukulawulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kuyinqubo ebalulekile kuwo wonke amaseli ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwawo okulungile nokuvumelana nezimo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo. Le indlela eyinkimbinkimbi ivumela ukulawula ukusho kwezakhi zofuzo, ukusho ukuthi yimaphi amaprotheni azokhiqizwa futhi ukuthi ubuningi buni. Ngokulawulwa kofuzo, amangqamuzana angasabela ngendlela efanele ekushukunyisweni futhi ngaleyo ndlela agcine i-homeostasis yawo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwamaselula, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubhekisela emandleni amaseli okuhlanganisa nokuvumelanisa imisebenzi yawo ngaphakathi kwento ephilayo. Lokhu kuhilela ukusebenzisana kwezindlela eziningi zokubonisa ezivumela amaseli ukuthi axhumane namanye futhi aphendule ngendlela ehlelekile ezinguqukweni zemvelo noma esimweni somzimba wento ephilayo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamaselula kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukugcina ubuqotho bezinto eziphilayo zizonke, naphezu kokuhlukahluka kwamaseli nemisebenzi ekhona kuwo.
Sengiphetha, ziyizinqubo ezimbili ezixhumene eziqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle nokuvumelana nezimo zamaseli ezakhi zofuzo, kuyilapho ukuhlanganiswa kwamaselula kuxhumanisa imisebenzi yeselula kumongo wento ephilayo. Zombili izinqubo zibalulekile ukugcina i-homeostasis nokuvumela impendulo eyanele ekushintsheni kwemvelo noma emzimbeni. Ukuqonda okujulile kwalezi zindlela kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kocwaningo lwe-biomedical kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamasu okwelapha.
Umthelela wokungasebenzi ekuhlanganisweni kweselula kuzifo
Ukungasebenzi ekuhlanganisweni kwamaselula kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni nasekuqhubekeleni phambili kwezifo ezahlukahlukene. Njengoba ulwazi lwethu ngobunkimbinkimbi bezinqubo zamangqamuzana luye lwanda, kanjalo nokuqonda kwethu ukuthi izinguquko ekuhlanganisweni kwamaselula zingaba nomthelela ophawulekayo ku-physiology evamile yezinto eziphilayo.
Izifo ezinjengomdlavuza, izifo ze-neurodeergenerative kanye nezifo zenhliziyo, phakathi kwabanye, zibonakala ngokungasebenzi kahle ekuxhumaneni nasekuxhumaneni kwamaseli Lokhu kungasebenzi kungazibonakalisa ezingeni lamangqamuzana, okuthinta ukusayinwa kwe-intracellular kanye ne-extracellular, kanye nezinqubo zokunamathela kwamaseli. kanye nokufuduka.
Ukushintsha ekuhlanganisweni kwamaselula kungaholela ochungechungeni lwemiphumela eyingozi emzimbeni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwanda kwamaseli okungalawuleki, ukumelana ne-apoptosis, ukwakheka kwama-metastase, ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi wezinzwa, nokuwohloka kokusebenza kwenhliziyo, phakathi kweminye imiphumela emibi. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda nokubhekana nezinqubo zamangqamuzana namaselula ezihilelekile ekungasebenzini kahle ekuhlanganisweni kwamaselula kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwamasu amasha okwelapha.
Ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe namathuluzi okufunda ukuhlanganiswa kwamaselula
Emkhakheni webhayoloji yamangqamuzana, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye namathuluzi asetshenziselwe ukufunda ukuhlanganiswa kwamaselula kube yisisekelo ekuthuthukisweni kokuqonda izinqubo zebhayoloji ezingeni lamangqamuzana kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukubhekwa nokuhlaziywa kobunzima be ukusebenzisana kwamaselula kanye nezingxenye zawo. Ngezansi amanye amathuluzi aphawuleka kakhulu kulo mkhakha:
I-Fluorescence microscopy: Le nqubo ivumela ukubona ngeso lengqondo nokuthola amaprotheni eselula nezakhiwo ezithile kusetshenziswa ama-fluorescent probe. I-Laser scanning confocal microscopy iguqule ukulungiswa kwendawo kanye nesikhashana kwezithombe, okuvumela ukucwaninga kokuguquguquka kokuhlanganiswa kwamaselula ezingeni elingaphansi kwamaselula.
I-Next Generation Sequencing (NGS): I-NGS iguqule umkhakha we-genomics kanye ne-transcriptomics ngokunika amandla ukulandelana okukhulu nokusheshayo kwe-DNA ne-RNA. Lobu buchwepheshe bunikeze umbono ophelele we-transcriptome kanye ne-genome yamaseli, okuvumele ukutholakala kwezakhi zofuzo ezintsha kanye nokuhlonza izinguquko ezibalulekile ze-epigenetic ekuhlanganisweni kwamaselula.
I-Super resolution microscopy: I-Super-resolution microscopy iguqule amandla okubona ngeso lengqondo izakhiwo zamaselula ezingcono kakhulu, ezinokulungiswa okuphezulu kakhulu. Le nqubo isebenzisa izimiso ezihlukene, ezifana nokukhuthazwa kokukhipha i-photoactivation inversion, ukuze kunqobe umgoqo womkhawulo wokuhlukanisa. Ngenxa yalobu buchwepheshe, abacwaningi baye bakwazi ukutadisha ngokuningiliziwe izici ze-morphological kanye neziguquguqukayo zokuhlanganiswa kwamaselula ezingeni lamangqamuzana.
Ukusebenzisana kwamaselula kanye nendima yawo ekuhlanganiseni
Ukuxhumana kweselula:
Ukuxhumana kwamaselula kubalulekile ekusebenzeni ngendlela efanele kwezinto eziphilayo eziningi, njengoba kuvumela ukuhlanganisa nokulawula imisebenzi ehlukene yamaselula. Lokhu kusebenzisana kungaba okuqondile, ngokuthintana ngokomzimba phakathi kwamaseli, noma ngokungaqondile, ngokukhululwa kwama-molecule asayindayo abonwa ama-receptor ngaphandle kwamaseli abamukeli. Izindlela eziyinhloko zokuxhumana ngamaselula zihlanganisa:
- Ukuhlangana kwe-Gap: amaprotheni kulwelwesi lwamaseli akha amashaneli okudlula okuqondile kwama-molecule, ama-ion, kanye namasignali kagesi.
- I-Paracrine signaling: amaseli akhulula ama-molecule akhombisayo athinta amaseli aseduze endaweni yawo.
- Ukusayina kwe-Endocrine: amaseli akhiqiza amahomoni ahanjiswa ngegazi futhi athinte amaseli akude emzimbeni.
Ukuhlanganiswa nokucutshungulwa kwesignali:
Amaseli athola amasiginali amaningi avela imvelo yawo futhi kufanele acubungule futhi axhumanise lawa zimpawu ukuze enze izinqumo ezifanele. Kule nqubo yokuhlanganiswa kwesignali, amangqamuzana asebenzisa amaprotheni ama-receptors ahlukahlukene kanye nezindlela zokubonisa ezivumela ukuba zibone futhi ziphendule ku-stimuli ehlukene Izimpawu ezitholiwe zingaba ngamakhemikhali, ugesi noma imvelo, futhi amaseli angaphendula ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene izindlela, ezinjengokushintsha ukusho kofuzo, ukwenza kusebenze ama-cascade okubonisa ama-intracellular, noma ukulungisa umsebenzi wamangqamuzana eselula.
Ukubaluleka kokusebenzisana kwamaselula:
Ukusebenzisana kwamaselula kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni nasekusebenzeni kwezinto eziphilayo, njengoba kuvumela ukwakheka kwezicubu nezitho, ukuhlotshaniswa kwemisebenzi e ephilayo kanye nokusabela okushukumisayo kwangaphandle. Lokhu kusebenzisana kubaluleke kakhulu ezinqubweni ezifana nokukhula kombungu, impendulo yokuzivikela komzimba nokuxhumana kwe-neuronal. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma yikuphi ukuguqulwa ekusebenzisaneni kwamaselula kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu, njengezifo, ukuphazamiseka kokukhula noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngakho-ke, ukufunda nokuqonda ukusebenzisana kwamaselula kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa ulwazi nokwelashwa kwama-pathologies ahlukahlukene.
Indima yamaprotheni ekuhlanganisweni kwamaselula
Amaprotheni adlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlanganisweni kwamangqamuzana, ngoba angabadlali abakhulu ekusebenzelaneni phakathi kwezakhiwo nezinqubo ezahlukene ngaphakathi kweseli. Lawa ma-molecule ebhayoloji ahileleke emisebenzini ehlukahlukene, kusukela ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwamaseli angomakhelwane kuya ekulawuleni izenzakalo zamangqamuzana ngaphakathi kwengqamuzana elifanayo.
Omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yamaprotheni ekuhlanganisweni kwamaselula amandla awo okusebenza njengama-receptors kulwelwesi lwamaseli. Lawa ma-receptors aklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukubona nokubophezela kuma-molecule asayinayo, okubangela uchungechunge lwezehlakalo ze-intracellular ezilawula imisebenzi ebalulekile yamaselula. Isibonelo, ama-insulin receptors kulwelwesi lwamaseli anesibopho sokulawula amazinga kashukela egazini.
Omunye umsebenzi obalulekile wamaprotheni ekuhlanganisweni kwamangqamuzana ukubamba iqhaza kwawo ezinqubweni zokunamathela kwamangqamuzana Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaprotheni okunamathela anesibopho sokugcina ukuhlangana phakathi kwamaseli angomakhelwane. Lawa maphrotheni abophana kanye nasezinxenyeni ze-matrix engaphandle kwamaseli ukuze akhe izakhiwo ezizinzile, njengama-desmosomes kanye nokuhlangana okuqinile. Ukugcinwa kwalokhu kuxhumana kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho bezicubu kanye nokulawula ukudlula kwezinto phakathi kwamaseli.
Izincomo zokufunda nokuqonda ukuhlanganiswa kwamaselula ngokujula
Cwaninga futhi uhlaziye izinsiza ezikhethekile: Ukuze ufunde futhi uqonde ukuhlanganiswa kwamaselula ngokujulile, kubalulekile ukuba nezinhlobonhlobo zezinsiza ezikhethekile. Bheka izincwadi, izindatshana zesayensi, nokushicilelwe kumajenali adumile akhuluma ngezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zalesi sihloko. Futhi, qiniseka ukuthi uthintana nemithombo yakamuva nethembekile ukuze ugcine ulwazi lwakho lusesikhathini samanje.
Sebenzisa amamodeli nokuhlola: Ukuhlanganiswa kweselula kuhilela inethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yezinqubo nezindlela engase ingabonakali ekuqaleni. Ukuze kube lula ukuqonda kwayo, kuyasiza ukuphendukela kumamodeli nokuhlola. Isebenzisa izethulo ezibukwayo, njengamagrafu noma imidwebo, ukubona ngeso lengqondo izingxenye ezihlukene nokusebenzisana kwazo. Ngokufanayo, uma kungenzeka, yenza izivivinyo noma uhlaziye imiphumela etholwe ocwaningweni lwangaphambilini ukuze uthole ukuqonda okujulile kwezenzakalo ezihilelekile.
Bamba iqhaza emaqenjini okufunda nasezingxoxweni zemfundo: Ukusebenzisana nabanye abafundi abanentshisekelo esihlokwenikungacebisa kakhulu. Joyina amaqembu okufunda noma amasemina lapho ningaphikisana khona futhi nishintshisane ngolwazi nemibono ukuze ujulise ulwazi lwakho mayelana nokuhlanganiswa kwamaselula. Ukubamba iqhaza ezingxoxweni zezemfundo kuzokusiza ukuthi uhlanganise lokho okufundile, ucacise ukungabaza kwakho futhi uthole imibono eyahlukene ezocebisa ukuqonda kwakho.
Amasu nezindlela zokuphenya ukuhlanganiswa kwamaselula
Ocwaningweni lokuhlanganisa amaselula, kubalulekile ukuba nesethi yamasu nezindlela ezisivumela ukuthi sithole ulwazi olunembayo nonemininingwane mayelana nale nqubo. Ngezansi amanye amathuluzi asetshenziswa kakhulu ocwaningweni lokuhlanganisa amaselula:
- I-Fluorescence microscopy: Le nqubo ikuvumela ukuthi ubone ngeso lengqondo futhi uhlaziye indawo kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwama-molecule ahlukene ngaphakathi kweseli, usebenzisa amasosha omzimba abhalwe nge-fluorescently. I-Fluorescence microscopy inikeza izithombe ezinokulungiswa okuphezulu ezisivumela ukuthi sibheke ngokunembile ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezingxenye zamaselula.
- I-PCR phakathi isikhathi sangempela: I-real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) iyindlela ethuthukisiwe esivumela ukuthi sikhulise futhi silinganise i-DNA ekhona kusampula. Kusetshenziswa le nqubo, kungenzeka kuphenywe ukusho kofuzo futhi kuhlaziye amazinga okuhlanganiswa kwezinto zofuzo kuseli, okusiza ukucwaninga kokuhlanganiswa kwamaselula ezingeni lamangqamuzana.
- Ukuhlaziywa kwe-flow cytometry: Sisebenzisa i-cytometer yokugeleza, le ndlela yokusebenza isivumela ukuthi sihlaziye futhi sihlukanise amaseli ngamanye ngokusekelwe kumapharamitha ahlukene, njengosayizi, umumo, kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba namakhemikhali. I-Flow cytometry iwusizo ikakhulukazi ekuphenyeni ukuhlanganiswa kwamaselula, njengoba isivumela ukuthi sihlaziye izinombolo ezinkulu zamaseli ngokushesha nangokunembile.
Lawa amanye amasu nezindlela ezisetshenziswa ukuphenya ukuhlanganiswa kwamaselula. Inhlanganisela efanele kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalawa mathuluzi kusivumela ukuthi sithole ukuqonda okujulile kokuthi le nqubo eyisisekelo kubhayoloji yamaseli yenzeka futhi ilawulwa kanjani.
Imithelela yokwelapha yokuqonda ukuhlanganiswa kweselula
Uma kuziwa ekuqondeni ukuhlanganiswa kwamaselula, imiphumela yokwelapha inkulu futhi iyathembisa. Ukuqonda okujulile kwale nqubo kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kokwelashwa okusebenzayo kwezifo nezimo ezahlukahlukene Ngezansi, sizohlola eminye yemithelela ebalulekile yokuqonda ukuhlanganiswa kwamaselula emkhakheni wokwelapha.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokwelapha ezivuselelayo: Ukuqonda ukuhlanganiswa kwamaselula kusivumela ukuthi sisebenzise amandla ama-stem cells ekuvuseleleni izicubu nezitho ezilimele. Ulwazi lokuthi amangqamuzana ahlangana kanjani endaweni ethile asinika ithuba lokuklama izindlela zokwelapha ezikhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa okuphumelelayo futhi zivumele ukuvuselelwa kwezicubu ezilahlekile.
- Ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwemithi: Ukuqonda ukuhlanganiswa kwamaselula nakho kunemiphumela yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezidakamizwa. Ngokuqonda ukuthi amaseli asebenzelana kanjani futhi ahlanganiswe nezicubu eziqondiwe, singakha izidakamizwa eziklanyelwe ukusizakala ngalokhu kusebenzisana okuthile.
- Ukuvimbela ukwenqatshwa kokufakelwa: Ukuhlanganiswa kweselula kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukunqatshelwa kokufakelwa kabusha Ukuqonda ukuthi amaseli ahlangana kanjani endaweni entsha ngemva kokufakelwa kusivumela ukuthi sithuthukise amasu okukhuthaza ukwamukelwa nokuhlanganiswa ngempumelelo kwezicubu ezitshaliwe. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukukhohliswa kwamaseli abamukeli noma ukuphathwa kwemithi ethile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhlanganiswa okufanele.
Ukucatshangelwa kwezimiso zokuziphatha ocwaningweni lokuhlanganisa amaselula
Ukwenza izinqumo zokuziphatha:
Lapho wenzaucwaningo ekuhlanganisweni kweselula, kubaluleke kakhulu ukunaka ukucatshangelwa kokuziphatha okuzungeze lo mkhakha. Ukuthathwa kwezinqumo ngalo mqondo kuhilela ukuhlola ngokucophelela ukusetshenziswa kwamaseli omuntu nawezilwane, kanye nokubakhona ubungozi obuhlobene nezinzuzo. Kubalulekile ukugcina ukulingana phakathi kwenqubekelaphambili yesayensi kanye nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo kanye nokuphila kahle kwezifundo zocwaningo.
Imvume enolwazi kanye nobumfihlo:
Njengoba ucwaningo lokuhlanganisa amaselula lungase lubandakanye ukusetshenziswa kwamasampula abantu, kubalulekile ukuthola imvume yokwaziswa evela kubanikeli. Lokhu kuhilela ukubahlinzeka ngalo lonke ulwazi olufanele mayelana nocwaningo, okuhlanganisa izinjongo, izinqubo kanye nemithelela engenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugcinwa kuyimfihlo nokuvikeleka kwedatha eqoqiwe kufanele kuqinisekiswe, ukuvikela ubumfihlo babahlanganyeli.
Ukungafihli nokudalulwa kwemiphumela:
Ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho bocwaningo ekuhlanganisweni kwamaselula, kubalulekile ukuthi imiphumela ibe sobala futhi ifinyeleleke emphakathini wesayensi kanye nomphakathi jikelele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwabelana ngokucacile nangokunembile ngezindlela ezisetshenziswayo, okutholiwe, kanye nanoma yikuphi ukungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo. Ngokunjalo, ukusebenzisana phakathi kwabacwaningi nokuphindaphindeka kwezifundo kufanele kukhuthazwe, kugqugquzelwe indlela evulekile nelungile kule ndawo yocwaningo ehlala ishintsha.
Imibuzo Nezimpendulo
Umbuzo: Kuyini Ukuhlanganiswa Kweselula?
Impendulo: Ukuhlanganiswa Kweselula kubhekisela ezinqubweni zebhayoloji lapho iseli lihlanganisa izingxenye ezihlukene ekwakhekeni nasekusebenzeni kwalo.
Q: Yiziphi izingxenye iseli elingase lizihlanganise ngesikhathi Sokuhlanganiswa Kweselula?
A: Ngesikhathi Sokuhlanganiswa Kweselula, iseli lingahlanganisa izakhi ezihlukahlukene, njengamaprotheni, ama-lipids, ama-nucleotide nama-carbohydrate, phakathi kokunye, ukuze liguqule noma lithuthuke. imisebenzi yayo.
Q: Yiziphi izinqubo ezibalulekile ezihilelekile ekudidiyelweni kwamaselula?
IMPENDULO: Izinqubo eziyinhloko ezihilelekile Ekuhlanganisweni Kweselula i-endocytosis, i-exocytosis, ukudluliselwa kwesignali kanye nokuhlanganisa amaseli.
Q: Iyini i-endocytosis futhi yiziphi izinhlobo zayo?
IMP: I-Endocytosis yinqubo lapho a iseli lithwebula futhi lithuthe izinto ezisetshenziswayo zisuka endaweni yangaphandle ziye ngaphakathi. Izinhlobo ze-endocytosis zifaka i-phagocytosis, i-pinocytosis, ne-endocytosis ye-receptor-mediated.
Umbuzo: Iyini i-exocytosis?
A: I-Exocytosis inqubo lapho iseli likhipha izinto noma izinto ezigcinwe kuma-vesicles endaweni engaphandle kwamangqamuzana.
Q: Iyiphi indima edlalwa ukudluliselwa kwesiginali ekuhlanganiseni kwamaselula?
A: Ukudluliselwa kwesiginali kuyinqubo ebalulekile Ekuhlanganiseni Kweselula, njengoba kuvumela iseli ukuthi lithole amasiginali avela endaweni futhi liwaguqulele libe yizimpendulo ezithile zamaselula.
Q: Iyini i-cellfusionfuthi ivela nini?
A: Ukuhlanganiswa kwamaseli kuyinqubo lapho ama-membrane e-plasma amabili ahlangana khona, akhe iseli eliyingxube eyodwa. Le nqubo ingenzeka ngesikhathi sokwakheka kwezicubu, ukukhula kwe-embryonic noma ekuhlanganisweni kwamaseli akhethekile, njengama-macrophages.
UMB: Ingabe Ukuhlanganiswa Kweselula kuwuthinta kanjani umsebenzi nokuziphatha kweseli?
A: Ukuhlanganiswa Kweselula kungathinta kakhulu umsebenzi nokuziphatha kweseli, njengoba kuvumela ukufakwa kwezingxenye ezintsha ezingashintsha ukubonakaliswa kofuzo, ukubonakaliswa kwe-intracellular kanye ne-metabolic metabolism, phakathi kwezinye izinqubo.
Q: Yiziphi ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza Zokuhlanganiswa Kweselula ocwaningweni lwesayensi?
IMP: Ukuhlanganiswa Kweselula kunezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile ocwaningweni lwesayensi, ikakhulukazi ocwaningweni lwezifo zofuzo, ukwelashwa kofuzo, kanye nomuthi ovuselelayo. Kuyasiza futhi ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokwelapha ezintsha kanye nokuqonda izinqubo zamaselula eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Q: Ingabe zikhona izinselelo noma imikhawulo ekuhlanganiseni kwamaselula?
IMP: Yebo, Ukuhlanganiswa Kweselula kwethula izinselele kanye nemikhawulo, njengesidingo sokuqonda ngokuningiliziwe izindlela zamangqamuzana ezihilelekile, kanye nethuba lokukhiqiza izimpendulo ezingadingeki ze-immunological ngokwethula izingxenye zangaphandle kuseli.
Q: Yini ukubaluleka kokudidiyelwa kwamaselula kubhayoloji yamaseli nakwezokwelapha?
IMP: Ukuhlanganiswa Kweselula kubalulekile kubhayoloji yamangqamuzana nakwezokwelapha, njengoba kusivumela ukuthi siqonde kangcono izinqubo zamaselula nemithelela yazo empilweni nasezifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inganikeza amathuluzi amasha okwelapha ekwelapheni izifo nokulimala. .
Imibono Yesikhathi Esizayo
Kafushane, ukuhlanganiswa kwamaselula kuyinqubo ebalulekile ekusebenzeni nasekuphileni kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngokuxhumana kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwamaseli ahlukene, i-homeostasis iyagcinwa futhi imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi iyenziwa. Kusukela ekusebenzelaneni kwamaprotheni e-membrane kuya ekudlulisweni kwezimpawu ze-intracellular, zonke izici zokuhlanganiswa kwamaselula zinomthelela ebudlelwaneni obuvumelanayo phakathi kwamaseli.
Ngokuvela kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, sijulise ulwazi lwethu lwezinqubo nezinqubo ezenza ukuhlanganiswa okunjalo kwenzeke. Ukuthuthuka ocwaningweni kukhombe ama-molecule abalulekile, izindlela zokubonisa, nezici ezilawula ukuxhumana kwamaselula zenzelwe ukwelapha izifo kanye nokwenza ngcono impilo yomuntu.
Nakuba kusekuningi okusazotholwa kulo mkhakha othakazelisayo, ukuhlanganiswa kwamaselula kusaqhubeka nokuba yinsika eyisisekelo yokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi yezinto eziphilayo nezempilo. Ukuqonda ukuthi amangqamuzana axhumana kanjani, axhumanise futhi alawula kanjani kubalulekile ekuqondeni izinqubo zebhayoloji kanye nokuthuthukisa amasu amasha okwelapha. Njengoba ucwaningo luqhubeka nokuthuthuka, sizoqhubeka nokwembula izimfihlakalo zokuhlanganiswa kwamaselula futhi sisebenzise lolo lwazi ukuthuthukisa izinga lethu lempilo.
Ngingu-Sebastián Vidal, unjiniyela wekhompyutha ozifelayo ngobuchwepheshe kanye ne-DIY. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngingumdali we tecnobits.com, lapho ngabelana khona ngezifundo zokwenza ubuchwepheshe bufinyeleleke kakhudlwana futhi buqonde wonke umuntu.