Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nesidingo esikhulayo amadivayisi axhunyiwe kuye kwaqhuba ukuvela kwe-inthanethi, okudala isidingo soshintsho olubalulekile endleleni amakheli e-IP anikezwa ngayo. Kulapho izivumelwano ze-IPv6 ne-IPv4 ziqala khona ukusebenza, amazinga amabili avumela okokusebenza ukuthi kukhonjwe futhi kuxhunywe kunethiwekhi. Kuleli phepha elimhlophe, sizoxoxa ngomehluko wezobuchwepheshe kanye nezinguquko ezibalulekile ezihlanganisa lezi zivumelwano, sinikeze ukubheka okuningiliziwe kwezici nezinzuzo zazo. emhlabeni idijithali yamanje.
Umehluko wobuchwepheshe phakathi kwe-IPv6 ne-IPv4
Umehluko wobuchwepheshe phakathi kwe-IPv6 ne-IPv4 mkhulu futhi ubonisa izinguquko ezibalulekile i-architecture ye-inthanethi eye yaba khona. Ngezansi, sethula umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaphrothokholi womabili:
1. Amakheli e-IP: Nakuba i-IPv4 isebenzisa amakheli e-IP angu-32-bit, i-IPv6 isebenzisa amakheli e-IP angu-128-bit. Lokhu kuvumela inombolo enkulu kakhulu yamakheli ukuthi atholakale ku-IPv6, ngaleyo ndlela kuxazululwe ukukhathala kwekheli okube yinkinga nge-IPv4. Eqinisweni, i-IPv6 ihlinzeka cishe ngamakheli e-IP angu-340, iqinisekisa ukuhlinzekwa okungenamkhawulo kwamadivayisi namasevisi aku-inthanethi.
2. Ukuvikeleka: I-IPv6 ihlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa okubalulekile mayelana nokuphepha uma kuqhathaniswa ne-IPv4. Olunye lwezinguquko eziyinhloko ukufakwa komdabu kwe-IPSec (Internet Security Protocol), ehlinzeka ngokufakazela ubuqiniso nokubethela kwedatha edlulisiwe. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ubuqotho nobumfihlo bolwazi oluthunyelwe ngenethiwekhi.
3. Ikhwalithi yesevisi: I-IPv6 inikeza ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi yesevisi (QoS) uma kuqhathaniswa ne-IPv4. Lokhu kufinyelelwa ngokuhlanganisa izinkambu ezengeziwe kunhlokweni yephakethe ledatha ngalinye, okuvumela amarutha enethiwekhi ukuthi abeke phambili ngempumelelo futhi alawule izinhlobo ezahlukene zethrafikhi. Ngokwengeziwe, i-IPv6 yethula indlela yokuhlukanisa ithrafikhi, ebizwa ngokuthi “ukugeleza kwethrafikhi,” evumela ukuphathwa okunembe kakhudlwana nokunembudumbudu kwamaphakethe wedatha.
Kafushane, i-IPv6 ne-IPv4 ziyehluka ezicini ezimbalwa zokusebenza ezibalulekile. Inani elikhuphukile lamakheli e-IP atholakalayo, ukuthuthukiswa kokuvikeleka, kanye nekhwalithi yezici zesevisi ezinye zezinguquko ezibalulekile ezenza i-IPv6 ibe inketho ephezulu yokusekela ukukhula nezidingo ze-inthanethi zamanje.
Izinguquko ezibalulekile lapho ufuduka usuka IPv4 uye ku-IPv6
Olunye lwezinguquko ezinkulu ezitholwayo uma uthutha usuka ku-IPv4 uye ku-IPv6 umehluko wezobuchwepheshe phakathi kokubili kwezivumelwano. IPv4 isebenzisa ikheli le-IP elingu-32 bit, elikhawulela ikhono lakho lokunikeza amakheli ahlukile kudivayisi ngayinye ekunethiwekhi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-IPv6 isekelwe ekhelini le-IP le-128-bit, okuvumela inombolo enkulu kakhulu yamakheli ahlukile, okubalulekile emhlabeni lapho amadivayisi amaningi adinga uxhumano lwe-inthanethi.
Olunye ushintsho olubalulekile lapho uthuthela ku-IPv6 ukuthuthukisa ukuvikeleka nobumfihlo bokuxhumana i-IPv6 yethula i-IPSec njengengxenye ebalulekile yephrothokholi, ehlinzeka ngezinga eliphezulu lokuqinisekisa nokugcinwa kuyimfihlo kwezokuxhumana . Ukwengeza, i-IPv6 isebenzisa ukulungisa okuzenzakalelayo kwekheli, okunciphisa ukuthembela ekwabiweni kwekheli le-IP okwenziwa ngesandla, okungaba nzima ukukuphatha kumanethiwekhi amakhulu.
Ngokungeziwe emehlukweni wobuchwepheshe nokuthuthukiswa kokuvikeleka, ukuthuthela ku-IPv6 kuphinde kubandakanye izinguquko endleleni idatha namaphakethe enethiwekhi aphathwa ngayo. I-IPv6 isebenzisa izihloko ezisebenza kahle nezithuthukisiwe, ezisheshisa ukudluliswa kwedatha ngenethiwekhi Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihlanganisa ukwesekwa komdabu kokusakaza okuningi, okuvumela ulwazi ukuthi lwabiwe namadivayisi amaningi. ngasikhathi sinye, ngaphandle kokuthi uthumele amakhophi amaningi edatha efanayo.
Ubuhle nokubi kwe-IPv6
Ukuvela kwe-inthanethi kanye nesidingo esikhulayo samakheli e-IP kuholele ekuthuthukisweni kwe-IPv6 njengomlandeli we-IPv4. I-IPv6 yethula ukuthuthuka okuningi kobuchwepheshe nezinguquko ezibalulekile uma kuqhathaniswa neyandulelayo. Ngezansi ezinye izinzuzo ezibalulekile nokubi kwe-IPv6 uma kuqhathaniswa ne-IPv4:
- Amakheli e-IP anele: Enye yezinzuzo ezinkulu ze-IPv6 yikhono layo lokuhlinzeka ngenombolo enkulu yamakheli e-IP. Nakuba i-IPv4 inikeza amakheli amaningi, i-IPv6 iwunqoba kude lo mkhawulo, ivumela cishe inani elingenamkhawulo lamakheli ahlukile. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu endaweni lapho amadivayisi amaningi, kusukela kumakhompyutha kuya kumafoni, eyizinto zikagesi nezinzwa ezihlakaniphile,—adinga amakheli e-IP. ukuxhuma kunethiwekhi.
- Ukusebenza kahle komzila: I-IPv6 ithuthukise kakhulu ukusebenza kahle komzila. Isakhiwo sayo samakheli esenziwe lula nesithuthukisiwe, esihambisana nemithethonqubo yomzila esebenza kahle kakhudlwana, inikeza ukusebenza okusheshayo futhi kunciphisa ukuminyana. Enetheni. Lokhu kuvumela ukugeleza kwedatha okushelelayo kanye nolwazi lokuphequlula olusheshayo kubasebenzisi.
- Ithuthukisa ukuphepha nobumfihlo: I-IPv6 ihlanganisa izindlela zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe uma kuqhathaniswa ne-IPv4. Ukuqinisekisa nokubethela kwakhelwe kuphrothokholi, okusiza ukuvikela ukuxhumana nedatha edluliswa ngenethiwekhi Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-IPv6 iphinde inikeze ngamakhono obumfihlo athuthukisiwe ngokuvumela Amadivayisi afihle ngokuzenzakalelayo ikheli lawo lephrothokholi ye-inthanethi, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlonza nokulandelela abasebenzisi.
Ukuphela kwamakheli e-IPv4
bekuyitimu evela njalo embonini thetechnology eminyakeni yakamuva. Ngokukhula okunamandla kwamadivayisi axhumeke ku-inthanethi, ikhono lokunikeza amakheli e-IPv4 anele alibangeli ukusimama. I-IPv4 isebenzisa a ikheli 32 izingcezu, ekhawulela umthamo wayo wokuba amakheli ahlukile acishe abe yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4.3.
Ngenhlanhla, isixazululo sale nkinga siseduze ngokwethulwa kwe-IPv6. I-IPv6 inguqulo yakamuva ye-Internet Protocol, esebenzisa amakheli angu-128-bit, enikeza inani elicishe lingenakucatshangwa lamakheli ahlukile. Ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo, lokhu kusho ukuthi i-IPv6 ingasekela cishe amakheli e-IP angu-340 sextillion, ngaphezu kokwanele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomphakathi wanamuhla wedijithali wakusasa.
Ngokungeziwe kumthamo wekheli othuthukisiwe, i-IPv6 inikeza ezinye izici zobuchwepheshe nezinguquko ezibalulekile uma kuqhathaniswa ne-IPv4. Omunye umehluko obaluleke kakhulu uhlanganisa ukuvikeleka okukhulu nobumfihlo, isihloko esisebenza kahle kakhulu nesilula, kanye nokuphathwa komzila okungcono. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwenza i-IPv6 ithembeke kakhulu futhi ikhule, okubalulekile uma kubhekwa ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwe-inthanethi kanye nokwanda kwamadivayisi axhunyiwe.
Kafushane, ukuguquka ukusuka ku-IPv4 ukuya ku-IPv6 kubalulekile ekugcineni ukukhula nokusebenza kwe-inthanethi esikhathini esizayo. Ngokuqedwa kwamakheli e-IPv4, kubalulekile ukuthi wamukele i-IPv6 futhi usebenzise ukuhluka kwayo kwezobuchwepheshe nezinguquko ezibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinga elilungile lokuxhuma nokuvikeleka kunethiwekhi. kwakuyi-digital.
Izinzuzo zamandla amakhulu okukhuluma we-IPv6
I-IPv6 inguqulo yakamuva ye-Internet Protocol futhi inikeza inani lezinzuzo ezibalulekile uma kuqhathaniswa neyandulelayo, i-IPv4. Okunye okukhulu kakhulu yikhono layo lokusekela inombolo enkulu kakhulu yamakheli e-IP ahlukile. Nakuba i-IPv4 isebenzisa ifomethi yekheli engu-32-bit, ekhawulela inani lamakheli atholakalayo, i-IPv6 isebenzisa ifomethi yekheli engu-128-bit, evumela cishe inombolo engenamkhawulo yamakheli e-IP.
Ikhono elibanzi lokubhekana ne-IPv6 linemithelela eminingana ebalulekile yobuchwepheshe. Omunye wale mithelela yikhono lokunikeza amakheli e-IP ahlukile kudivayisi ngayinye exhunywe ku-inthanethi. Lokhu kuvumela idivayisi ngayinye ukuthi ibe nekheli layo IP kanye kanye ngempumelelo nedatha yomzila. Ukwengeza, ikhono elibanzi lokukhuluma le-IPv6 liphinde livumele amabhlogo wamakheli e-IP ukuthi anikezwe izinhlangano kanye nesevisi ye-inthanethi. abahlinzeki, enikeza ukuguquguquka okukhulu kanye scalability.
Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi i-IPv6 yamandla amakhulu okukhuluma avumela inani elingenamkhawulo lamakheli e-IP, kodwa futhi inikeza nokunye ukuthuthuka okubalulekile kobuchwepheshe. Isibonelo, i-IPv6 yethula i-a ukusebenza kahle okukhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwendawo yamakheli, njengoba isebenzisa i-syntax eyenziwe lula futhi isusa isidingo semephu nezixazululo zokuhumusha ezisetshenziswa ku-IPv4. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-IPv6 iphinde ithuthukise ukuvikeleka kanye nekhwalithi yesevisi ngokwethula izici ezifana nokuqinisekisa nokubethelwa kwedatha, kanye nekhono lokubeka phambili ithrafikhi ngokusekelwe ekubalulekeni kwayo.
Ukubaluleka kokuphepha ku-IPv6
Ushintsho lusuka ku-IPv4 luye ku-IPv6 kube wushintsho olubalulekile emhlabeni wobuchwepheshe benethiwekhi. I-IPv6 inikezela ngochungechunge lomehluko wobuchwepheshe oyenza ibe phezulu kunowandulelayo. Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-IPv6 yikhono layo lokuhlinzeka ngamakheli e-IP ahlukile cishe enanini elingenamkhawulo lamadivayisi axhunywe kunethiwekhi Ngokuphambene, i-IPv4 isebenzisa indawo elinganiselwe yamakheli esiphelelwe amandla kakhulu ngenxa yokukhula okuphawulekayo kokufunwa. okwe-IP amakheli. Leli khono eliyingqayizivele lokukhuluma le-IPv6 aliqinisekisi kuphela ukuhlinzekwa okungapheli kwamakheli e-IP, kodwa futhi livumela ukuphathwa okungcono kokuphepha kwenethiwekhi.
Omunye umehluko obalulekile wezobuchwepheshe phakathi kwe-IPv6 ne-IPv4 yindlela umzila wephakethe osingathwa ngayo. Ku-IPv4, amarutha enza ukucubungula okuyinkimbinkimbi ukuze anqume indlela engcono kakhulu yamaphakethe okufanele ayilandele ukuze afinyelele lapho aya khona. Nokho, ku-IPv6, umzila wenziwa lula ngenxa yesakhiwo sikanhlokweni esisebenza kahle kakhulu. Lokhu akusheshisi nje kuphela umzila, kodwa futhi kunciphisa inani lolwazi olungadingekile ephaketheni ngalinye, okwandisa ukusebenza kahle futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokuhlaselwa okunonya.
Ukuphepha nakho kuwukucatshangelwa okubalulekile ekushintsheleni ku-IPv6. Ngokungafani ne-IPv4, enendlela yokusabela esebenzayo ngokwemibandela yokuphepha, i-IPv6 yakhelwe ngezinyathelo zokuphepha ezakhelwe ngaphakathi kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo. I izivumelwano zokuphepha I-IPv6, njenge-IPsec, iyingxenye ebalulekile yezakhiwo zayo. Lawa maphrothokholi anika amandla ukuqinisekiswa kanye nokubethelwa kwedatha kusendlalelo se-IP, enikeza ukuvikeleka okukhulu ezinsongweni zokuphepha Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-IPv6 iphinde ihlanganise izindlela zokuhlunga amaphakethe kanye nezilawuli zokufinyelela ukuze kukhawulwe ukugeleza kwedatha ngenethiwekhi futhi ivikele ekuhlaselweni okungase kube khona.
Ukucatshangelwa kokuqaliswa kwe-IPv6
Ukuqaliswa kwe-IPv6 kuhlanganisa uchungechunge lwezinto zokucatshangelwa kobuchwepheshe nezinguquko ezibalulekile okufanele zicatshangelwe. Ngezansi ezinye zezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu okufanele uzikhumbule lapho usuka ku-IPv4 uye ku-IPv6:
1. Ukufinyeleleka: Omunye umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-IPv6 ne-IPv4 usemandleni abo okukhuluma Nakuba i-IPv4 isebenzisa amakheli angu-32-bit, okukhawulela inani lamakheli atholakalayo, i-IPv6 isebenzisa amakheli angu-128-bit, okuvumela inani elingenamkhawulo lamakheli. Leli khono elinwetshiwe lokukhuluma libalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhula kwesikhathi esizayo kwe-inthanethi kanye nokuxhumeka kwamadivayisi enkathini ye-IoT.
2. Izilungiselelo Zenethiwekhi: I-IPv6 idinga izinguquko ekucushweni kwenethiwekhi ukuyivumela ukuthi isebenze kahle. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amadivaysi, amarutha kanye nezindonga zokuvikela zihambisana ne-IPv6 futhi zinosekelo oludingekayo ekusetshenzisweni kwazo. Ukwengeza, izivumelwano zomzila kufanele zibuyekezwe zibe izinguqulo ezisekela i-IPv6, okusho inqubo yokuthutha nokubuyekezwa kwesofthiwe nehadiwe.
3. Ukuphepha: Lapho usebenzisa i-IPv6, kubalulekile ukucabangela izici zokuphepha. I-IPv6 yethula imisebenzi emisha, efana ne-IPSec, evumela ukuvikeleka okukhulu kanye nokuqinisekiswa kolwazi oludlulisiwe. Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka futhi ukuthi kube sengozini entsha kanye nezinsongo zokuphepha okufanele zenziwe. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izinyathelo zokuvikela ezengeziwe kanye nokuhlola njalo nengqalasizinda ukuze uqinisekise idatha nokuvikelwa kwenethiwekhi.
Izincomo zoshintsho oluyimpumelelo ukusuka ku-IPv4 ukuya ku-IPv6
Enye yezinselelo ezibalulekile ezibhekene nomphakathi we-inthanethi wushintsho olusuka ku-IPv4 luye ku-IPv6. Njengoba inani lamadivayisi axhumeke ku-inthanethi liqhubeka nokukhula ngokushesha, isikhala sekheli le-IPv4 sincishwa ngokushesha. I-IPv6 yathuthukiswa njengesixazululo salo mkhawulo futhi inikeza—uhlu olukhulu lwamakheli. Nokho, ukuguqulwa kusuka ku-IPv4 ukuya ku-IPv6 akukwenzi lokho kuyinqubo ilula futhi idinga ukuhlela nokulungiselela ngokucophelela.
Kunezincomo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile zokuqinisekisa uguquko oluyimpumelelo ukusuka ku-IPv4 ukuya ku-IPv6:
- Ukuhlola nokuhlela: Ngaphambi kokuqala ushintsho, kubalulekile ukwenza uhlolo olunzulu lwengqalasizinda ekhona namasistimu ancike ku-IPv4. Lokhu kuzovumela izinkinga ezingaba khona ukuthi zihlonzwe futhi zixazululwe ngaphambi kokufuduka Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kwenziwe ukuhlela okuningiliziwe okuhlanganisa izinsiza ezidingekayo, izinsuku eziwumnqamulajuqu, nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi.
- Ukuhlola okuphelele: Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa ngokugcwele i-IPv6, ukuhlolwa okubanzi kufanele kwenziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhambisana nezinhlelo ezikhona namadivayisi. Ukuhlola kufanele kufake phakathi ukuqinisekiswa kokuxhumeka kwe-IPv6, ukuhlolwa kokusebenza, nokutholwa kokungqubuzana okungaba khona nezinhlelo zokusebenza namasevisi asetshenziswayo.
- Ukuqaliswa ngezigaba: Esikhundleni sokusuka ku-IPv4 ku-IPv6 kungazelelwe, kuyanconywa ukuthi wenze ushintsho kancane kancane. Lokhu kubandakanya ukunika amandla ukwesekwa okukabili kwe IPv4 kanye ne-IPv6 kungqalasizinda, okuvumela amasistimu akhona ukuthi azivumelanise ne-IPv6 ngokuqhubekayo. Lokhu kuzonciphisa umthelela futhi kunciphise noma yiziphi izinkinga ezingase ziphakame phakathi nenqubo yoshintsho.
Ngamafuphi, ukusuka ku-IPv4 ukuya ku-IPv6 kuwumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi odinga isikhathi nomzamo, kodwa ubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqhubeka nokukhula kwe-inthanethi. Ngokulandela lezi zincomo kanye nokusebenzisa indlela ehamba kancane, izinhlangano zizokwazi ukubhekana ngempumelelo nale nselele yobuchwepheshe futhi zizuze ezinhlelweni ezinikezwa yi-IPv6.
Sengiphetha, umehluko wezobuchwepheshe kanye nezinguquko ezibalulekile phakathi kwe-IPv6 ne-IPv4 kuyabonakala. Nakuba i-IPv4 ibe izinga elivelele amashumi eminyaka, ukuphela kwamakheli ayo e-IP kanye nemikhawulo ekhona ekwakhiweni kwayo kukwenze kwacaca ukuthi i-IPv6 indlela yokuhamba.
Ngokugxila kwayo ekulinganiseni, ekuvikelekeni, nasekusekeleni kwamadivayisi ahlala ekhula, i-IPv6 ibhekane nokushiyeka okuningi kwe-IPv4. Indawo yayo yekheli enkudlwana kanye nekhono lokusekela cishe inombolo engapheli yamadivayisi kwenza i-IPv6 ibe inketho ebalulekile yekusasa le-inthanethi.
Nokho, ukushintshela okuphelele ku-IPv6 akuyona inqubo elula. Ukwengeza, ukuqwashisa okukhulu nokutholwa kuyadingeka abahlinzeki besevisi ye-inthanethi namabhizinisi ngokuvamile.
Naphezu kwezinselelo ezihlobene nokuqaliswa kwe-IPv6, ukwamukelwa kwayo akunakugwenywa futhi kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqhubeka kwe-inthanethi enkathini yamadivayisi axhumene kanye nesidingo esikhulayo samakheli e-IP. Ukuvela kwe-IPv6 kumele igxathu eliya phambili kubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana, okuhlinzeka ngesisekelo esidingekayo sokuqhubeka nokwakha nokwandisa ukufinyelela kwe-inthanethi emhlabeni wonke.
Ngingu-Sebastián Vidal, unjiniyela wekhompyutha ozifelayo ngobuchwepheshe kanye ne-DIY. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngingumdali we tecnobits.com, lapho ngabelana khona ngezifundo zokwenza ubuchwepheshe bufinyeleleke kakhudlwana futhi buqonde wonke umuntu.