Izici nezinzuzo zamakhompyutha e-ARM: konke odinga ukukwazi

Isibuyekezo sokugcina: 18/05/2025
Umbhali: UDaniel Terrasa

  • Isakhiwo se-ARM sigqama ngokusebenza kahle kwamandla nokuguquguquka, ngefilosofi elula nenamandla ye-RISC.
  • Amakhompuyutha e-ARM anikeza impilo yebhethri ende, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi, nokwanda kokuhambisana namasistimu okusebenza nesofthiwe.
  • Ukuthambekela kwemakethe kukhomba ekwandeni kwe-ARM ngale kwamadivayisi eselula, amakhompyutha aphathekayo anqobayo, amadeskithophu, namaseva.
ARM

Lesi sihloko sikumema ukuthi ucwilise endaweni yonke ethokozisayo ye Amakhompyutha e-ARM. Sizobheka kabanzi umlando wabo, ukuthi basebenza kanjani, ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwangempela, umehluko nezinye izakhiwo (ezifana ne-Intel ne-AMD's x86), kanye namandla nobuthakathaka bazo.

Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, uma othile esho igama elithi "processor", into yokuqala eyafika engqondweni yayingama-brand I-Intel o I-AMD, nama-PC chips aziwa kakhulu. Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva nje, umdlali omusha uzakhele igama emkhakheni, eshintsha indlela esiwaqonda ngayo amakhompyutha, omakhalekhukhwini kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zemishini yedijithali: procesadores ARM. Kodwa yini ngempela engemuva kwalesi sakhiwo? Yiziphi izinzuzo zayo zangempela ngaphezu kwamanye amaphrosesa endabuko?

Isebenza kanjani iphrosesa ye-ARM? Izimiso ezibalulekile nomehluko nge-x86

Ukhiye wezakhiwo ze-ARM ulele ku ubulula nokusebenza kahle kwesethi yeziqondiso. Ngokusekelwe kufilosofi ye-RISC, ama-ARM CPUs enza imisebenzi eyisisekelo kakhulu (ukwengeza, ukususa, ukunyakaza kwedatha, ukugxuma, njll.) emijikelezweni yewashi ngalinye, esikhundleni semiyalo eyinkimbinkimbi nende njenge-CISC (okujwayelekile kwe-x86 evela ku-Intel ne-AMD). Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-chip ye-ARM ingaba nayo ama-transistors ambalwa, okusho ukuthi:

  • Menor consumo energético.
  • Ukunciphisa ukushisa okukhiqizwa.
  • Menor coste de fabricación.

Kumiklamo emisha (efana ne-ARMv8 ne-ARMv9), Iphrosesa ye-ARM ingasebenza kuzo zombili izindlela ze-32-bit kanye ne-64-bit., ukufanisa futhi ngezinye izikhathi kudlula amandla okucubungula izimbangi zayo ze-x86 emisebenzini yansuku zonke. I ukwenza ngokwezifiso okuyisisekelo ivumela umkhiqizi ngamunye ukuthi engeze amayunithi athile, anwebe inkumbulo yenqolobane, engeze ama-coprocessors wezithombe noma ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, njll.

Kukhona futhi izindlela ezimbili zokusebenza:

  • Imodi ye-ARM: Imiyalo engu-32-bit, amandla aphezulu nokusebenza
  • Imodi yesithupha: Imiyalo ecindezelwe ngamabhithi ayi-16, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi kanye nokuminyana kwekhodi ephezulu, ilungele amadivayisi anenkumbulo elinganiselwe

Ubulula akusho ukuntula amandla: Izinguqulo zamanje ze-ARM zinepayipi elithuthukisiwe, ipayipi, ukuqagela kwegatsha, nama-cores amaningi., iza eduze kakhulu nokusebenza kwama-chips e-x86 angcono kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emisebenzini lapho ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kubaluleke kakhulu.

Amakhompyutha e-ARM

Izici eziyinhloko zamakhompyutha e-ARM

Ukuze siqonde ngokugcwele ukuthi yini eyenza ikhompuyutha enephrosesa ye-ARM ikhetheke, kufanele sibheke zonke izici zayo. imininingwane yobuchwepheshe, kokubili kuzinga lezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha kanye neleveli yezakhiwo ezinengqondo:

  • Arquitectura RISC: imiyalelo elula, ukubulawa okusheshayo, ama-transistors ambalwa
  • Ukwenza ngokwezifiso okuyinhloko: Abakhiqizi bangashintsha ukwakheka, bahlanganise ihluzo, i-AI, ukuphepha, njll.
  • Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi kakhulu: ilungele amadivayisi aphathekayo nezinto zokusebenza ngaphandle kwamasistimu okupholisa asebenzayo
  • 32 futhi 64 bit ukuhambisana: Izizukulwane zakamuva zisekela kokubili, ukuthuthukisa kokubili isivinini nomthamo wenkumbulo.
  • Inqolobane nokusebenza kahle kwenkumbulo: Ukuhlanganiswa kwenqolobane ye-L1/L2 elungiselelwe kanye nebhasi ledatha
  • Ukwesekwa kwemiyalelo okwandisiwe: Imodi yesithupha, usekelo lwe-SIMD (NEON), amayunithi amaphoyinti antantayo nezandiso zobuhlakani bokwenziwa kumamodeli akamuva
  • Licencia abierta: Noma ubani angakha ama-chips akhe asekelwe ku-ARM ngokukhokha ilayisense yokuklama. Lokhu sekukhiqize imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene kanye nokuncintisana phakathi kwabakhiqizi.
  • Ukuhambisana okubanzi kwesistimu yokusebenza: Android, iOS, Windows, Linux, macOS (kuma-Mac akamuva), phakathi kwabanye abaningi
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Ezingeni lokusebenzisa, Ukwanda kwama-chips e-ARM akugcini kumaselula namathebulethi.; Ayanda amakhompiyutha e-ARM, amakhompyutha aphathekayo, ama-PC amancane, amaseva ngisho namakhompiyutha amakhulu athembele ekusebenzeni kwawo kahle kanye nokuqina kwawo.

Izinzuzo zamakhompyutha e-ARM ngaphezu kwe-Intel ne-AMD

Izinzuzo zezakhiwo ze-ARM ngaphezu kwamaphrosesa wendabuko we-x86 (Intel ne-AMD) zisobala impela. Phakathi kwamaphuzu aqinile kukhona:

  • Ukusebenza kahle kwamandla okungenakuqhathaniswa: el consumo de electricidad incane kakhulu, okusho ukuthi Impilo yebhethri eyengeziwe yamakhompyutha aphathekayo nezindleko zikagesi eziphansi zamaseva. Amanye ama-ARM chips esizukulwane sakamuva adla kancane i-1W, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-15-45W yama-chips avamile we-x86.
  • Ukupholisa kwenziwe kwaba lula: ngokukhiqiza ukushisa okuncane, Azidingi abalandeli abanamandla noma izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokulahla. Lokhu kuvumela imiklamo engena fan, izindlu ezincane nezithule.
  • Intengo yokukhiqiza ephansi kakhulu: ama-transistors ambalwa ne-silicon, kulula ukukhiqiza ngezinga elikhulu, ukwehlisa izindleko nokwenza ukuthi kusungulwe amakhompyutha athengekayo.
  • Flexibilidad y personalizaciónAbakhiqizi bangakha ama-chips wangokwezifiso kuso sonke isidingo, kusukela kumadivayisi amancane kakhulu e-IoT kuya kumakhompyutha asebenza kahle kakhulu.
  • Izibuyekezo eziqhubekayo: Ukuncintisana phakathi kwabakhiqizi (i-Apple, i-Qualcomm, i-Samsung, i-MediaTek, i-NVIDIA, njll.) ishayela emisha kanye nokwenza ngcono okuqhubekayo kokusebenza nokusebenza kahle.
  • Soporte multiplataforma: Kuvamile ukubona amakhompyutha e-ARM ehambisana ne-Android, Linux, Chrome OS, Windows 10/11 kanye ne-macOS, enikeza ukuguquguquka okukhulu konjiniyela nabasebenzisi.

Lezi zinzuzo ziyachaza Kungani ama-ARM enqobe umhlaba weselula futhi manje aqhudelana ngokujulile emikhakheni yamalaptop, aguquguqukayo, ama-PC amancane namaseva. Ukufika kwama-Apple Silicon chips kuma-Macs kukhombisile ukuthi ibhalansi enkulu phakathi kwamandla nempilo yebhethri ingafinyelelwa, okuvula indlela yokuthi abanye abakhiqizi balandele.

Izici zekhompyutha ze-ARM-3

Ukungalungi kahle kwamanje kanye nemikhawulo

Yiqiniso, akuzona zonke izinzuzo. Amakhompyutha e-ARM nawo anemikhawulo okufanele icatshangelwe.:

  • Ukuhambisana kwesoftware okunomkhawulo: izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi (ikakhulukazi lezo ezidizayinelwe i-x86) Awasebenzi ngokomdabu ku-ARM. Nakuba kunezinhlelo zokulingisa (ezifana ne-Apple's Rosetta 2 noma iPrism ku-Windows), ukusebenza kungase kuthinteke.
  • Yehlisa amandla aluhlaza kwezinye izimo: Emisebenzini enzima kakhulu (ukuhlelwa kwevidiyo okuphrofeshinali, ukudlala ngokweqile, i-CAD, i-virtualization ethuthukisiwe), ama-ARM chips Ngokuvamile ziwela ngemuva kwe-x86 ehamba phambili.
  • Ukuncika ekuthuthukisweni: para zuza kakhulu kukho, onjiniyela kumele bakhe izinguqulo ezithile zezinhlelo zabo zokusebenza ze-ARM.
  • Ukunikezwa okuphansi kwehadiwe nezingxenye: aunque está cambiando rápidamente, okwamanje zikhona Izinketho ezimbalwa zezingxenye nezinsiza ezihambisana ne-ARM engu-100% emakethe, ikakhulukazi eYurophu naseMelika.
  • Imikhawulo yokudlala kanye nokwenza ngendlela oyifisayo: Ama-PC amageyimu avame ukudinga ama-GPU azinikele, i-RAM eningi, nokuthuthukiswa, akhawulelwe nakakhulu ku-ARM kunakumapulatifomu e-x86.
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Umkhuba, nokho, owokuba le mikhawulo yehliswe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba abakhiqizi nabathuthukisi ngokuya bethembela ku-ARM.

Izinhlobo zama-ARM processors kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezobuchwepheshe

I-ecosystem ye-ARM inokuhlukahluka nemindeni eminingana, kusukela kuma-chips okuqala angu-16- kanye nama-32-bit kuya ezilwaneni zakamuva ezingama-64-bit ezihloselwe amaseva, amadeskithophu, namakhompyutha aphathekayo aphezulu. Ake sibheke eziyinhloko:

  • I-ARM1, ARM2, ARM3: amaphayona omlando, asetshenziswa kabanzi kumakhompuyutha omuntu wakuqala kanye nezinhlelo ezishumekiwe
  • I-ARM6, ARM7, ARM9, ARM11: intuthuko eqhubekayo emandleni nokusebenza kahle, enenqolobane edidiyelwe, ukusekelwa kwe-multimedia kanye nokuvela kwemiyalelo ye-SIMD neThumb
  • I-StrongARM ne-XScale: ama-chips anelayisensi yakwa-DEC ne-Intel, adume kakhulu ngeminyaka yawo-2000 kuma-PDA, omakhalekhukhwini kanye namadivayisi ezimboni
  • I-Cortex-A, i-Cortex-R, i-Cortex-M: imindeni efaneleka kakhulu namuhla. I-Cortex-A yezinhlelo zokusebenza zenhloso evamile (ama-smartphone, amaphilisi, amakhompyutha aphathekayo), anenguqulo eyodwa kanye ne-multi-core, i-NEON, i-TrustZone, namandla we-multimedia. I-Cortex-R yezinhlelo zesikhathi sangempela (izimoto, ezishintshayo), kanye ne-Cortex-M yamandla aphansi, izilawuli ezincane ezingabizi kakhulu.
  • Apple Silicon: Ama-chips e-Apple asekelwe ku-ARM, kusukela ku-M1 kuya ku-M3, anezinhlobonhlobo ze-Pro, Max, ne-Ultra, ezihola indlela yokusebenza kumakhompyutha aphathekayo namadeskithophu asebenzisa i-macOS.
  • Snapdragon: Ibanga eliphambili le-Qualcomm, elisetshenziswa kakhulu kumakhalekhukhwini futhi manje kuma-ultrabook namalaptop ane-Snapdragon X Elite ne-Copilot+ PC entsha.
I-Surface Pro entsha iqinisekiswe e-China
Isihloko esihlobene:
Idivayisi entsha ye-Surface Pro ivela ngesitifiketi sase-China, igcona ukuvuselela okunamandla e-ARM.

Izici zekhompyutha ze-ARM-1

Isistimu yokusebenza nokuhambisana kwesofthiwe ku-ARM

Un aspecto clave es ukuhambisana kwesoftware, ikakhulukazi kumasistimu wokusebenza wedeskithophu nezinhlelo zokusebenza:

  • I-Android ne-iOS: Amasistimu aklanywe kusukela ekuqaleni kwe-ARM, aqinisekisa ukuhambisana nokusebenza kahle komakhalekhukhwini namathebulethi.
  • I-Linux: Ukusekelwa okubanzi kokusabalalisa okufana no-Ubuntu, Debian, Arch Linux, Kali, Gentoo, Oracle Linux nokunye okuningi, kanye ne-BSD (FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD).
  • i-macOSKusukela ngo-2020, ama-Mac ane-Apple Silicon asebenze kuphela ku-ARM, iningi lezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifakiwe noma ezilingiswa kusetshenziswa i-Rosetta 2.
  • Windows 10 kanye ne-11 ye-ARM: Izinguqulo ezithuthukisiwe ezisekela izinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu kanye nokulingiswa kwe-x86, ikakhulukazi ngenxa ye-Windows 11 Copilot+ kanye nenjini yayo ye-Prism.
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Inselelo enkulu yamakhompiyutha e-ARM okwamanje isalokhu iyi- ukuhambisana kwesicelo sedeskithophu. Yize izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezidumile sezivele zinezinguqulo zomdabu ze-ARM, kusekhona isofthiwe ekhethekile edinga ukulingiswa noma engalungiselelwe.

Imakethe kanye nabakhiqizi bekhompyutha be-ARM abafaneleka kakhulu

Namuhla, izinkampani ezimbalwa namadivayisi agqama njengama-trendsetters emakethe ye-ARM yamakhompyutha:

  • i-apula: ne-MacBook, iMac, Mac Mini ne-Mac Studio esekelwe ku-Apple Silicon. Ukwengeza, i-iPhone, i-iPad, i-Apple Watch, ne-Apple TV nazo zisebenzisa i-ARM.
  • I-Microsoft: Amakhompyutha e-ARM kububanzi be-Surface Pro X kanye ne-Surface Copilot+ amelela ukuzibophezela kukaRedmond, ngokusekelwa komdabu kwe-Windows nemizamo yokuthuthukisa.
  • Qualcomm: umholi ngomakhalekhukhwini nge Snapdragon, futhi njengamanje kuma-ultrabook namalaptop ane-Snapdragon X Elite ne-Copilot+ PC.
  • I-Google: I-Chrome OS kuma-Chromebooks, enempilo yebhethri enhle nokuhambisana nohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android.
  • Samsung, HP, Acer, Lenovo: Bahlinzeka ngamakhompyutha aphathekayo, amaphilisi, nezinto eziguquguqukayo ezinama-chips e-ARM futhi afakwe ngaphambili Windows 11 I-ARM, ibeka phambili ukuzimela kanye nomklamo ongasindi.
  • I-Raspberry Pi: inkundla yomenzi elethe i-ARM ezigidini zabasebenzisi, ikhuthaza ukuhlela, amarobhothi, kanye ne-IoT.

ARM vs x86

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-ARM ne-x86 (Intel/AMD)

Kwabaningi, umbuzo oyinhloko uwukuthi: iphrosesa ye-ARM ihluke kanjani ku-Intel noma i-AMD x86 processor?

  • Tipo de instrucciones: I-ARM isebenzisa i-RISC, enemiyalelo elula nefushane; I-x86 iyi-CISC, enemiyalo eyinkimbinkimbi nende.
  • Ukusebenza nge-watt ngayinye: I-ARM ihamba phambili ekusebenzeni kahle kwamandla, ilungele amabhethri namasistimu angenzi lutho; x86 amandla aluhlaza emisebenzi efunayo.
  • Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo: I-ARM i-modular futhi ingenziwa ngendlela oyifisayo, i-x86 ivaleke kakhulu futhi i-homogeneous.
  • Compatibilidad de software: I-x86 inamashumi eminyaka esofthiwe yomdabu, kodwa i-ARM ihamba ngokushesha ngezinhlelo zokusebenza kanye nenkundla.
  • Mercado objetivo: I-ARM ibusa kumaselula, i-IoT futhi ikhula kumalaptop namaseva; x86 kuma-PC, amageyimu nefa.

Ikusasa lamakhompyutha e-ARM: yini esingayilindela?

El Ikusasa le-ARM Ivela njengenketho elinganiselayo kakhulu yamakhompyutha aphathekayo, aguquguqukayo, ama-PC amancane futhi, ngokwandayo, amadeskithophu namaseva. Ukhiye kuzoba ukugqugquzela abathuthukisi ukuthi bathuthukise izinhlelo zokusebenza futhi bathuthukise ukulingisa, kuyilapho begcina ukuqamba okusha emandleni nokusebenza kahle.

I-Apple iyaqhubeka nokuhola ngeSilicon yayo kanye ne-ecosystem evaliwe, kuyilapho iMicrosoft, Google, nabanye abakhiqizi bebheja ekwandiseni ukuhambisana nokusebenza ku-ARM. Umkhuba ubheke kumadivayisi alula, anokuzimela okuhle nokusebenza okwanele okungu-90% wokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke., ishiya amandla aluhlaza e-x86 ngemuva.

I-landscape yekhompyutha iguqulwa kakhulu yi-ARM, yona isuke ekubeni i-protagonist kumaselula yaya ekubeni inketho eyandayo kumakhompyutha namaseva. Ukukhetha idivayisi enomongo we-ARM kuthembisa ukusebenza kahle, ukuguquguquka, kanye nekusasa eligcwele izinto ezintsha.