Izigaba Zomjikelezo Weseli G1 S G2 M G0

El umjikelezo weseli Kuyinqubo eyisisekelo evumela amangqamuzana ukuba akhule, aphindaphinde izakhi zawo zofuzo, futhi ekugcineni ahlukane. Lo mjikelezo uhlanganisa uchungechunge lwezigaba ezichazwe kahle, okuhlanganisa isigaba sokukhula se-G1, i-DNA synthesis (S), isigaba sokukhula se-G2, i-mitosis (M), kanye nesigaba sokuphumula se-G0. Kulesi sihloko sezobuchwepheshe, sizohlola ngasinye salezi zigaba ngokuningiliziwe. yomjikelezo wamaseli Sizohlaziya ukubaluleka kwazo ekuthuthukisweni nasekusebenzeni kwamaseli. Ukuqonda okuphelele kwalezi zikhathi ezibalulekile kumjikelezo weseli kuzosivumela ukuthi siqonde kangcono izindlela ezilawula ukukhula nokuhlukana kwamaseli, kanye nokuhlobana kwazo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yebhayoloji nemithi.

Isingeniso kumjikelezo weseli

Umjikelezo wamaseli uyinqubo eyisisekelo empilweni yawo wonke amaseli, lapho kwenzeka khona uchungechunge lwezehlakalo ezinembayo nezilawulwayo eziholela ekuphindaphindeni kwezinto zofuzo nokuhlukana kwamaseli. Ngale nqubo, amangqamuzana azala futhi azivuselele, okuvumela ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Umjikelezo weseli uhlukaniswe izigaba eziningana, ngasinye sinezici ezihlukile nezenzakalo.

Izigaba eziyinhloko zomjikelezo wamaseli yilezi: isigaba se-G1, isigaba sika-S, isigaba se-G2, nesigaba esingu-M. Phakathi nesigaba se-G1, iseli liba nesikhathi sokukhula kanye nokulungiselela ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA. Esigabeni sika-S, ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kwenzeka, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwamakhophi amabili afanayo wento yofuzo. Isigaba se-G2 yisikhathi sokulungiselela ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, lapho iseli liqhubeka nokukhula futhi lilungiselela isigaba se-M. Esigabeni sika-M, iseli lihlukana libe amaseli amantombazane amabili nge-mitosis noma i-meiosis, kuye ngohlobo lweseli.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umjikelezo weseli Kulawulwa ngokuqinile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kwenzeka ngendlela ehlelekile nenembayo. Lo mthethonqubo wenziwa ngokusebenzisana kwamaprotheni ahlukene kanye nezimpawu zamakhemikhali, ezilawula ukuqhubeka kweseli ngezigaba ezihlukene zomjikelezo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma yikuphi ukuguqulwa ekulawuleni umjikelezo weseli kungaba nemiphumela emibi, njengokwakheka kwezimila kanye nezifo zofuzo.

Ukubaluleka kwezigaba zomjikelezo weseli

Umjikelezo wamaseli uyinqubo eyisisekelo yokuhlukaniswa nokuphindaphinda kwezakhi zofuzo kumaseli. Iqukethe izigaba eziningana, ngasinye sinendima ebalulekile ekwandeni okufanele nasekukhuleni kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukuqonda nokutadisha lezi zigaba kubaluleke kakhulu kubhayoloji nakwezokwelapha, njengoba kusivumela ukuthi siqonde ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kulawulwa kanjani nokuthi kuvinjelwa kanjani ukwanda kwamangqamuzana okungalawuleki, njengasendabeni yezifo ezinjengomdlavuza.

Umjikelezo wamaseli uhlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: isigaba sokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA (i-interphase), isigaba sokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli (i-mitosis), nesigaba se-cytokinesis. Ngasinye salezi zigaba sibandakanya uchungechunge lwezinqubo ezithile okufanele zenziwe ngokunembile nangendlela ehlelekile ukuze kuzuzwe ukuhlukaniswa okulungile nokusatshalaliswa kwezinto zamaselula. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ubuqotho bezakhi zofuzo kanye nokwakheka kwamaseli amantombazane amabili afana neseli lomzali.

Kafushane, ukuqonda izigaba zomjikelezo wamaseli nokubaluleka kwazo kusivumela ukuba siqonde ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zikhula kanjani futhi zigcinwe kanjani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kuqonda kubalulekile ocwaningweni lwezifo ezihlobene nokuphazamiseka kokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, njengomdlavuza. Ucwaningo kulo mkhakha luyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka, lufuna izindlela ezintsha zokuvimbela nokwelapha lezi zifo, ngenhloso yokuqinisekisa impilo kanye nokuphila kahle kwezidalwa eziphilayo.

Isigaba G1: Isigaba sokukhula nesokulungiselela

Enqubweni yokuthuthukisa iphrojekthi, iSigaba G1 siphawula ukuqala kokukhula nokulungiselela isigaba esilandelayo. Ngalesi sigaba, kucutshungulwa kahle izidingo kanye nezinsiza ezidingekayo ukuze iphrojekthi iqhubekele phambili. ngempumelelo futhi ngaphandle kwezihibe.

Okokuqala, ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwezinjongo nezinhloso zephrojekthi kuyenziwa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlonza imiphumela efiselekayo kanye nokusungula umugqa wesikhathi ongokoqobo wempumelelo yayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izigaba ezibalulekile zephrojekthi ziyasungulwa, futhi imithwalo yemfanelo yelungu ngalinye leqembu ichazwa. Ukucaca kanye nokuxhumana okuphumelelayo kubalulekile kulesi sigaba, njengoba kubeka isisekelo sokwenza ngempumelelo.

Okulandelayo, ukuhlaziywa okuphelele kwezinsiza ezidingekayo kuyenziwa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlola amakhono namakhono amalungu eqembu, kanye nokuhlonza noma yikuphi ukuqeqeshwa okwengeziwe okudingekayo ukuze kuzuzwe izinjongo zephrojekthi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, izimali, kanye nezinsiza zobuchwepheshe ezidingekayo ukuze kwenziwe iphrojekthi kuyenziwa. ngempumeleloLokhu kuhlaziya kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinsiza ezifanele zabiwa ngesikhathi esifanele, kugwema ukubambezeleka nezinkinga ngezigaba zakamuva.

- Incazelo nezici zesiteji se-G1

Isigaba se-G1, esaziwa nangokuthi isigaba soku-1, isigaba sokuqala somjikelezo weseli lapho iseli lilungiselela ukuphindaphinda futhi linikeze amaseli amasha. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, iseli liyakhula ngosayizi futhi lihlanganise izingxenye ezidingekayo zesigaba esilandelayo, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-DNA.

Izici zesigaba se-G1:

• Ukwanda kosayizi: Phakathi nesigaba se-G1, iseli lizwa ukwanda okukhulu kosayizi ngenxa yokukhula kwamaseli.
• Ukwenziwa kwamaprotheni: Amaprotheni adingekayo ekukhuleni kweseli nokuhlukana akhiqizwa.
• Ukulungiselela ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA: Iseli lilungiselela ukuphindwaphindwa kwe-DNA yalo, okuzokwenzeka esigabeni esilandelayo, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-DNA.

Ubude besigaba se-G1 bungahluka kuye ngohlobo lweseli nezimo zemvelo. Ngokuvamile, kungathatha imizuzu embalwa kuya emahoreni ambalwa. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, iseli liphinde lihlole ukuthi i-DNA yalo yonakele yini nokuthi uma ukulungiswa kuyadingeka ngaphambi kokudlulela ezigabeni ezilandelayo zomjikelezo weseli. Uma kutholwa umonakalo ongalungiseki, ingqamuzana lingase lingene esimweni sokululama noma liqalise i-apoptosis, inqubo yokufa kweseli okuhleliwe.

- Imisebenzi nemicimbi ebalulekile ngesikhathi se-G1

Imisebenzi ebalulekile kanye nemicimbi phakathi nesiteji se-G1

Esigabeni se-G1 sephrojekthi, uchungechunge lwemisebenzi ebalulekile kanye nemicimbi izokwenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe impumelelo nenqubekelaphambili yenqubo. Le misebenzi izogxila ekuhleleni nasekuklanyweni kwezingxenye ezibalulekile zephrojekthi, ibeka isisekelo sezigaba ezilandelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imicimbi yokubuyekeza neyokulandelela izohlelwa ukuze kuhlolwe inqubekelaphambili futhi kwenziwe izinguquko uma kunesidingo. Imisebenzi emikhulu kanye nemicimbi ezokwenzeka phakathi nalesi sigaba ichazwe ngezansi:

• Ukuhlela imihlangano: Le mihlangano izobaluleka kakhulu ekuchazeni izinhloso kanye nobubanzi bephrojekthi, kanye nokusungula izindima nemisebenzi yelungu lethimba ngalinye. Izinsiza ezidingekayo kuzoxoxwa ngazo, futhi kuzokwakhiwa umugqa wesikhathi onemininingwane ukuze uqondise intuthuko.
• Ukuhlaziywa kwezimfuneko: Phakathi nalo msebenzi, ulwazi luzoqoqwa kubabambiqhaza futhi izidingo ezisebenzayo nezingasebenzi zohlelo zizochazwa. Lokhu kuzosivumela ukuthi sihlonze izidingo zabasebenzisi futhi sisungule indlela yokwamukela izigaba ezilandelayo.
• I-Prototyping nedizayini: I-Prototyping ne-design iterations izokwenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe isakhiwo esihlongozwayo futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi sihlangabezana nezidingo ezimisiwe. Lokhu kuzobandakanya kokubili ukwakheka kokusetshenziswa kubonwa kanye nesakhiwo sesistimu esingaphansi.

Ukwengeza kule misebenzi ebalulekile, ukubuyekezwa kanye nemicimbi yokulandelela izobanjwa ngesikhathi sesiteji se-G1 ukuze kuhlolwe inqubekelaphambili nokwenza izinguquko uma kunesidingo. Lokhu kubuyekezwa kuzobandakanya ukuboniswa kwama-prototypes athuthukisiwe, kanye neseshini yempendulo nababambe iqhaza. Ukubamba iqhaza okusebenzayo okuvela kuwo wonke amalungu eqembu kanye nokuhambisana nezinsuku zokugcina ezimisiwe kuzoba semqoka empumelelweni yalesi sigaba. Njengoba sisondela ekupheleni kwesiteji se-G1, sizolungiselela ukudlulela esigabeni esilandelayo somsebenzi, sisebenzisa imiphumela yalesi sigaba njengesisekelo esiqinile senqubekelaphambili eqhubekayo.

- Izincomo zokuqhubeka okufanele esigabeni G1

Phakathi nesigaba se-G1 sohlelo lokuthuthukisa, kubalulekile ukulandela izincomo ezithile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqhubeka okufanele enqubweni yokufunda. Lezi zincomo zihlose ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kwemisebenzi futhi ziqinisekise ukukhula okwanele ekuphatheni imiqondo ebalulekile.

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukusungula isakhiwo esicacile nesichazwe kahle sohlelo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlela imisebenzi ngokulandelana okunengqondo nokulandelanayo, ukuze ababambiqhaza balandele ukuqhubeka kwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunconywa ukuhlukanisa imisebenzi ibe ngamabhulokhi anezihloko, ngaleyo ndlela kube lula ukufana kolwazi.

Kuyatuseka futhi ukusebenzisa izindlela zokubuyekeza njalo ukuze kuqiniswe ukugcinwa kolwazi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlela izikhathi zokubuyekeza njalo ohlelweni lokufunda ukuze ababambiqhaza babuyekeze futhi bahlanganise imiqondo efundiwe kuze kube manje. Ngokufanayo, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi othisha banikeze impendulo engaguquki neyenzelwe umuntu siqu kubahlanganyeli ukuze balungise noma yimaphi amaphutha futhi bakhuthaze ukufunda okuhle.

Isigaba S: Ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA

- Incazelo kanye nomsebenzi wesiteji S

Incazelo kanye nomsebenzi wesiteji S

Isiteji sika-S, esaziwa nangokuthi isigaba sokuhlela, siyingxenye ebalulekile yomjikelezo wokuphila wokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe. Ngalesi sigaba, amaqembu okuthuthukisa ahlaziya futhi achaze izidingo zephrojekthi, echaza izinjongo kanye nobubanzi besoftware ezothuthukiswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsiza ezidingekayo, njengabasebenzi, ihadiwe, nesoftware, ziyasungulwa ukuze kuqhutshekwe nomsebenzi. indlela ephumelelayo futhi kuyasebenza.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wesiteji S ukuhlinzeka ngesisekelo esiqinile sokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe. Ngokuhlaziywa kwezidingo okuphelele, izinkinga zitholwa futhi kuchazwe izixazululo ezifanele. Ama-Flowcharts ayakhiwa, futhi izindlela nezinqubo ezizosetshenziswa ekuthuthukisweni kwesoftware ziyasungulwa. Isilinganiso sokuqala sesikhathi nezindleko ezidingekayo ukuze kuqedwe iphrojekthi nakho kwenziwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiteji S sidlala indima ebalulekile ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwethimba lezokuthuthukiswa kanye nababambiqhaza. Kubanjwa imihlangano ejwayelekile ukuze kuxoxwe futhi kubuyekezwe izidingo zephrojekthi, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zonke izinhlangothi ziyayazi inqubekelaphambili kanye nezinguquko ezidingekayo. Inhloso eyinhloko ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ithimba lokuthuthukisa linokuqonda okuphelele kwalokho okulindeleke kusofthiwe futhi lingahlela ngokufanele.

- Izinqubo nezindlela ezihilelekile ngesikhathi sokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA

- Amathiphu okuqinisekisa ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA okusebenzayo esigabeni sika-S

Ukuqinisekisa ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA okusebenzayo phakathi nesigaba S, kubalulekile ukulandela amathiphu athile azokwandisa inqubo. Ngezansi kukhona izincomo ezibalulekile:

- Ukugcina ukuzinza kwendawo yamaselula:

Kubalulekile ukudala izimo ezifanele zokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA ukuze kwenzeke kahle. Ukufeza lokhu, izinga lokushisa elihlala njalo nelilungile kufanele ligcinwe, ngaphezu kokuqinisekisa ukuthi i-pH yeselula yanele. Kubalulekile futhi ukugwema ukuba khona kwama-ejenti ayingozi endaweni ezungezile, njengama-radicals mahhala noma izinto ezinobuthi, njengoba lezi zingathinta ngokuqondile inqubo yokuphindaphinda.

- Nikeza izinsiza ezidingekayo:

Ukutholakala okwanele kwama-nucleotide kubalulekile ukuze kuhlanganiswe imicu ye-DNA emisha. Ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala okwanele kwalezi zingxenye kubalulekile ukuze kuphindaphindeke ngempumelelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukunikeza amandla adingekayo avela ku-adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ukuze ama-enzyme ahilelekile kule nqubo akwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yawo. imisebenzi yayo kahle.

- Lawula inqubo yokuphindaphinda:

Kubalulekile ukugcina ukulawula okuqinile kokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA ukuze ugweme amaphutha kanye noshintsho olungabeka engcupheni ubuqotho bofuzo. Lokhu kuhilela ukulawula umsebenzi wama-enzyme ahilelekile kule nqubo, kanye nokulawula umjikelezo weseli. Isigaba sika-S somjikelezo weseli sinemithetho ethile, futhi izindawo zokuhlola amaselula kufanele zihlonishwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphindaphinda okuthembekile nokungenazinkinga.

Isigaba se-G2: Ukulungiselela ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli

Isigaba se-G2 somjikelezo wamaseli sibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuhlukana kwamaseli ngempumelelo. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, ingqamuzana lilungiselela ngokucophelela ukuhlukana libe amaseli amantombazane amabili afanayo. Izici eziyinhloko nezehlakalo ezenzeka phakathi nalesi sigaba zichazwe ngezansi:

1. Ukwenziwa kwamaprotheni okuqhubekayo: Phakathi nesigaba se-G2, iseli liqinisa ukuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni adingekayo ngenqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli. Amaprotheni ahilelekile ekuphindaphindeni kwe-DNA, ukwakheka kwe-mitotic spindle, kanye nokulawulwa kokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli akhiqizwa ngobuningi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kwalezi zinqubo.

2. Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-DNA: Esinye sezehlakalo ezibalulekile esigabeni se-G2 ukuqinisekiswa okuphelele kwe-DNA esanda kwenziwa kabusha. Iseli lihlola izakhi zofuzo eziyimpinda ukuze lithole futhi lilungise noma yimaphi amaphutha okuphindaphinda. Uma amaphutha ekhonjwa, izindlela zokulungisa zenziwa ngaphambi kokudlulela esigabeni esilandelayo somjikelezo weseli.

3. Ukwenyuka kosayizi nokuphindaphinda ama-organelles: Phakathi nesigaba se-G2, iseli lizwa ukwanda kosayizi futhi liphindaphinde ama-organelle alo amaningi. Le nqubo ibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amaseli endodakazi athola zonke izinto ezidingekayo ukuze asebenze ngendlela efanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingxenye ezintsha zamangqamuzana, njenge-membrane, zikhiqizwa, ezizodingeka ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli.

- Incazelo kanye nezici zesiteji se-G2

Isigaba se-G2 siyisigaba esibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwephrojekthi. Ngalesi sigaba, kwenziwa imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile ebalulekile empumelelweni yephrojekthi. Ezinye zezici eziyinhloko zesigaba se-G2 zichazwe ngezansi:

1. Izidingo zokuthola: Kulesi sigaba, izidingo zephrojekthi ziyaqoqwa futhi zibhalwe phansi kubo bobabili amaklayenti kanye nababambiqhaza. Lokhu kubandakanya ukuhlonza izidingo nokulindelwe yizinhlangothi ezithintekayo, kanye nokunquma izinjongo zephrojekthi kanye nezindlela zokuphumelela. Izidingo ezitholakala kulesi sigaba zizosebenza njengesisekelo sokuhlela nokusebenza kwephrojekthi.

2. Ukuklama nokuhlela: Kulesi sigaba, isakhiwo sephrojekthi sichazwa. Imisebenzi efana nokudala ama-flowchart, ukuklama izakhiwo, kanye nemisebenzi yokuhlela kanye nezibopho ziyenziwa. Ukwengeza, amathimba omsebenzi ayasungulwa futhi izinsiza ezidingekayo ziyanikezwa ukuze kuqhutshwe iphrojekthi ngempumelelo.

3. Ukusungula uhlelo: Phakathi nesigaba G2, kwakhiwa ishejuli enemininingwane esungula izinsuku zokuqala nezokugcina zemisebenzi yephrojekthi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlonza ukuncika phakathi kwemisebenzi eyahlukene kanye nokwaba izinsiza komunye nomunye. Uhlelo luzosiza ukugcina iphrojekthi isendleleni futhi ivumele ukuqapha ukuqhubeka kwayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

- Imicimbi nezinqubo ezibalulekile ngesikhathi se-G2

Isigaba se-G2 siyisigaba esibalulekile emjikelezweni wokuphila wephrojekthi, njengoba sigxile ekuphathweni nasekwenzeni imisebenzi esemqoka. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwenziwa uchungechunge lwezehlakalo nezinqubo ezibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe impumelelo yephrojekthi. Eminye yemicimbi ebaluleke kakhulu nezinqubo zichazwe ngezansi:

• Ukuhlela okuningiliziwe: Kulesi sigaba, kwenziwa uhlelo oluningiliziwe oluhlanganisa nokuchaza imisebenzi edingekayo ukuze kuzuzwe izinjongo zephrojekthi. Izinsiza ezidingekayo ziyasungulwa, ukuncika phakathi kwemisebenzi kuyanqunywa, bese kubekwa uhlelo olungokoqobo.
• Zokuthuthukisa umkhiqizo: Phakathi nesigaba G2, ukuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo noma isevisi eyenza umnyombo wephrojekthi kwenzeka. Izixazululo ezidingekayo zezobuchwepheshe ziyasetshenziswa, ukuhlolwa kuyenziwa, futhi ikhwalithi nokuhambisana nezindinganiso ezimisiwe kuqinisekisiwe.
• Ukuphathwa kwezingozi: Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwezingozi ezihlobene nephrojekthi kuyenziwa. Izinsongo ezingaba khona ziyabonwa, futhi amasu okunciphisa ayasetshenziswa ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wazo. Izingozi ezihlonziwe nazo zibhekwa ngokuqhubekayo, futhi amasu ayalungiswa njengoba kudingeka.

- Izincomo zokulungiselela okufanele esigabeni G2

Ngezansi, sinikeza izincomo zokulungiselela okufanele esigabeni se-G2:

1. Yazi kahle imithetho yomgwaqo: Kubalulekile ukuthi ujwayelene nayo yonke imithetho yomgwaqo kanye nezimpawu ukuze uqinisekise ukushayela okuphephile nokunesibopho. Zijwayeze nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezimpawu, imikhawulo yesivinini, imihlahlandlela yokushayela ngokuzivikela, nezinye izici ezibalulekile.

2. Prakthiza amakhono akho okushayela: Zinike isikhathi sokuzijwayeza izindlela ezihlukene zokushayela nezimo endaweni elawulwayo. Zijwayeze ukupaka, ukushintsha umzila, ukubhuleka ezimweni eziphuthumayo, nokunye ukuqondisa okudingekayo esigabeni G2. Kuyanconywa futhi ukuthi uzilolonge esimweni sezulu esihlukile kanye nezimo zethrafikhi ukuze uthuthukise ukuguquguquka kwakho.

3. Gcina isimo sengqondo esihle nesigxilile: Ngalesi sigaba sokulungiselela, kubalulekile ukugcina isimo sengqondo sigxile ekufundeni nasekuthuthukiseni okuqhubekayo. Hlala uzolile lapho ubhekene nezimo eziyinselele emgwaqeni futhi ugweme iziphazamiso ezingadingekile ezifana nokusebenzisa izinto zikagesi ngenkathi ushayela. Ukugxila kanye nokuzibophezela kubalulekile ekuqedeni lesi sigaba ngempumelelo futhi uthuthukele ekutholeni ilayisense yakho ephelele.

Isigaba M: Isigaba sokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli

Isigaba esingu-M, esaziwa nangokuthi isigaba sokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, singenye yezinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu zomjikelezo weseli. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, iseli lihlukana libe amaseli amantombazane amabili afanayo, ngalinye linesethi ephelele yama-chromosome nezinto zofuzo.

Isigaba sokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli sinezinqubo ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-mitosis ne-cytokinesis. Ku-mitosis, ama-chromosome ayafinyela futhi aqondaniswe phakathi nendawo yeseli, bese ehlukana futhi athuthele ezigxotsheni eziphambene. I-Cytokinesis yenzeka ngemva kwe-mitosis futhi iyinqubo ingqamuzana ehlukana ngayo kabili ngokwakhiwa kwe-membrane yeseli entsha ebizwa ngokuthi i-cell plate.

Isigaba esingu-M silawulwa kakhulu futhi sihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbalwa ezithile, okuhlanganisa i-prophase, i-metaphase, i-anaphase, ne-telophase. Ngesikhathi se-prophase, ama-chromosome ayancipha futhi imvilophu yenuzi iyanyamalala. Ku-metaphase, ama-chromosome aqondana emgqeni ocatshangwayo obizwa ngokuthi i-equatorial plate. Ku-anaphase, ama-chromatid odade ahlukene futhi adonselwa ezigxotsheni eziphambene ngama-spindle microtubules. Ekugcineni, ku-telophase, ama-chromosome afinyelela ezigxotsheni eziphambene futhi ancibilike, kuyilapho ulwelwesi lwenuzi lushintsha.

– Ukubaluleka kanye nemisebenzi yesigaba M

Isigaba esingu-M, esaziwa nangokuthi i-metaphase, sidlala indima ebalulekile kumjikelezo wokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli. Lesi sigaba sandulelwe yisigaba se-prometaphase futhi silandelwa yisigaba se-anaphase. Phakathi nesigaba esingu-M, ama-chromosome aqondana ku-equatorial plate yeseli futhi alungiselele izehlakalo ezidingekayo zokuhlukaniswa kwazo okulandelayo.

Eminye yemisebenzi esemqoka yesiteji esingu-M yilena:

• I-Chromosome condensation: Ngesikhathi se-metaphase, ama-chromosome ayacinana futhi aminyene. Lokhu kufingqika kwenza kube lula ukuhleleka kwazo endaweni eyi-equatorial plate.
• Ukuqondanisa kwe-Chromosome: Ama-chromosome ahlela futhi aqondanise phakathi kwenucleus yeseli. Lokhu kuqondanisa okunembayo kubalulekile ekuhlukaniseni i-chromosome okulungile phakathi nesigaba esilandelayo, i-anaphase.
• Ukwakhiwa kwe-mitotic spindle: Phakathi nesigaba esingu-M, amafomu okuphotha ama-mitotic, isakhiwo esakhiwe ama-microtubules ahlukanisa ama-chromosome esigabeni esilandelayo. Le nqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi ingqamuzana ngalinye lendodakazi lithola ikhophi ephelele nenembile yezakhi zofuzo.

Kafushane, isigaba esingu-M sokuhlukaniswa kweseli sidlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlukaniseni okulungile kwama-chromosome. Ukubaluleka kwayo kulele ekwakhekeni okufanele kwe-mitotic spindle, ukuqondanisa okunembile kwama-chromosome, kanye nokufingqa okudingekayo ukuze usebenze kahle. Ukuqonda le misebenzi kubalulekile ekuqondeni izinqubo zamaselula kanye nokungalingani okungaba khona okungaholela ezifweni ezinjengomdlavuza.

- Izinyathelo nezinqubo ezihilelekile ekuhlukaniseni amaseli

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kuyinqubo ebalulekile ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezinto eziphilayo. Lesi simo esiyinkimbinkimbi sihilela uchungechunge lwezinyathelo nezinqubo eziqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana okuthembekile nokusebenza kahle. Izinyathelo eziyinhloko ezihilelekile ekuhlukaniseni amaseli zichazwe ngezansi.

1. Isixhumi esibonakalayo:

Ngaphambi kokuba ingqamuzana lihlukane, lidlula esigabeni esaziwa ngokuthi i-interphase. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, ingqamuzana lenza imisebenzi yalo evamile futhi lilungiselela ukwehlukana. I-Interphase ihlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu:

• Isigaba se-G1: Phakathi nalesi sigaba, iseli liyakhula futhi amaprotheni kanye ne-RNA kuhlanganiswa.
• Isigaba S: Kulesi sigaba, i-DNA iphindaphinda ukwenza amakhophi amabili afanayo.
• Isigaba se-G2: Ukuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni adingekayo esigabeni esilandelayo sokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kwenzeka.

2. I-Mitosis:

I-Mitosis yinqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwenuzi lapho izakhi zofuzo zisakazwa ngokulinganayo phakathi kwamaseli amantombazane amabili. Lesi sigaba sinezigaba ezine:

• Iphrosesi: I-nucleus iyahlakazeka futhi ama-chromosome ayabonakala.
• I-Metaphase: Ama-chromosome aqondana maphakathi neseli.
• I-Anaphase: Ama-chromosome ahlukene futhi aya ngasezigxotsheni eziphambene zeseli.
• I-Telophase: I-nucleus entsha yakha ezungeze isethi ngayinye ye-chromosome futhi ingqamuzana liqala ukuhlukana.

3. I-Cytokinesis:

I-Cytokinesis iyinqubo yokugcina yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, lapho i-cytoplasm ihlukana ukuze yakhe amangqamuzana amantombazane amabili ahlukene. Le nqubo ingenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukene kuye ngohlobo lweseli. Emangqamuzaneni ezilwane, kwakheka umsele oqhekekile kulwelwesi lwe-plasma, oluncipha kuze kube yilapho luwahlukanisa ngokuphelele amangqamuzana endodakazi. Emangqamuzaneni ezitshalo, i-cell plate yakheka phakathi nendawo yengqamuzana, bese iba yi-a udonga lweseli.

- Amathiphu okuphumelela kokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli ngesikhathi se-M

Phakathi nesigaba esingu-M somjikelezo weseli, ukuqinisekisa ukuhlukana kwamaseli okuphumelelayo kubalulekile. Nawa amanye amathiphu abalulekile angakusiza ukuthi wenze le nqubo ngempumelelo:

1. Ukulungiselela kahle: Ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuhlukana kwamangqamuzana, kubalulekile ukuthi ingqamuzana libe sesimweni esifanele. Lokhu kuhilela ukukhula okufanele kwe-DNA nokuphindaphinda, kanye nokwakheka kwama-microtubules adingekayo ekuhlukaniseni. Ukufeza lokhu, kunconywa ukuthi ulandele lezi zinyathelo:
- Qinisekisa ukuphindaphinda okulungile kwe-DNA kanye nobuqotho bayo, usebenzisa amasu e-microscopy noma i-electrophoresis.
- Qinisekisa ukwakheka okulungile kwe-achromatic spindle, okuzoba nesibopho sokuhlukaniswa kwama-chromosome.
- Qinisekisa indawo efanele yama-centrosomes, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-microtubules adingekayo ekuhlukaniseni ayakhiwa.

2. Ukulawulwa komsebenzi weselula: Phakathi nesigaba se-M, kubalulekile ukuthi umsebenzi weselula ulawulwe ngendlela efanele ukuze kugwenywe amaphutha noma ukulimala kwama-chromosome. Ukufeza lokhu, okulandelayo kuyanconywa:
- Gcina ukuhlangana okulinganiselwe kwamaphrotheni okulawula, njenge-cyclin-dependent kinases, ebalulekile ukulawula ukuqhubeka komjikelezo weseli.
– Cupha ngendlela efanele izindawo zokuhlola umjikelezo weseli, njengephoyinti lokulawula le-G2, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukungena okulungile kusigaba M.
- Ukuxhumanisa ukuwohloka kwamaprotheni abalulekile, njenge-cyclin B, ukuze kugcinwe ukulawulwa okunembile kwezinqubo zokuhlukanisa.

3. Ukuxhumana kwemicimbi yeselula: Phakathi nesigaba se-M, izenzakalo ezihlukahlukene zamaselula kufanele zihlanganiswe ngokunembile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli okuphumelelayo. Ezinye izici okufanele zicatshangelwe yilezi:
-⁢ Qinisekisa ukuqondanisa okulungile kwama-chromosome ku-metaphase plate, ukugwema amaphutha ekuhlukaniseni.
- Ukulawula ngempumelelo ukufuduka kwama-chromosome ukuya ezigxotsheni eziphambene zeseli, ngokusebenzisa ukufinyezwa okuhlelekile kwama-microtubules e-kinetochore.
⁣ ‍⁢ - Lawula⁢ kahle i-cytokinesis,⁢ inqubo lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli amantombazane amabili kwenzeka ngemva kokuhlukana kwenuzi.

Ukulandela lawa macebisoUzokwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli okuphumelelayo phakathi nesigaba esingu-M somjikelezo weseli. Khumbula ukubaluleka kokulungiselela okufanele, ukulawulwa komsebenzi weselula, nokuxhumana okulungile kwemicimbi yeselula ukuze kuzuzwe ukuhlukana okushelelayo.

Isiteji se-G0: Isigaba sokuphumula kweseli

Esigabeni se-G0, esaziwa nangokuthi isigaba sokuphumula, amaseli angena esimweni sokungasebenzi kwesikhashana. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, amaseli athatha ikhefu emjikelezweni wawo wokuhlukanisa futhi enze imisebenzi ethile ngaphakathi kwento ephilayo. Ngokungafani nezinye izigaba zomjikelezo weseli, isigaba se-G0 asikho kuwo wonke amaseli futhi singahlala izikhathi ezihlukene.

Kulesi simo sokuphumula, amaseli agcina amandla awo okuqalisa kabusha ukuhlukana kwamaseli esikhathini esizayo, uma kudingeka. Nokho, lokhu kuvuselela kwenzeka kuphela ngenxa yezimpawu ezithile ezifanele zemvelo noma izisusa zangaphakathi. Phakathi nesigaba se-G0, amaseli angakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene, njengokufeza indima yawo ekuhlukaniseni amaseli, ukugcina nokulungisa izicubu, ukwenza imisebenzi ekhethekile ngaphakathi kwenyama, noma ngisho nokuhlala engasebenzi kuze kube yilapho kudingeka ukufaka esikhundleni samaseli awonakele noma asebekhulile.

Amaseli esigabeni se-G0 angaphinde abhekane nenqubo yokuguga kwamaselula, njengoba amandla awo okuhlukanisa ehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kulahlekelwa kwamandla okuhlukanisa akusho ukwehla kwamandla eseli noma imisebenzi ye-metabolic. Phakathi nesigaba se-G0, amaseli ahlala esebenza futhi esebenza ngamandla, enza izinqubo ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwento ephilayo.

- Incazelo nezici zesiteji se-G0

Incazelo nezici zesiteji se-G0

Isigaba se-G0, esaziwa nangokuthi isimo esithule, isigaba somjikelezo weseli lapho amaseli aphumule futhi angahlukani ngokuqhubekayo. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, amaseli amisa okwesikhashana umsebenzi wawo we-metabolic futhi alungiselele ukubhekana namasignali amasha angase abangele ukubuyela kwawo esigabeni se-G1, lapho umjikelezo uzoqala kabusha. Phakathi nesigaba se-G0, amaseli angahlala kulesi simo sokuphumula isikhathi esingaziwa, esingahluka kuye ngohlobo lweseli kanye nomsebenzi walo entweni ephilayo.

Kunezici ezimbalwa ezichaza isigaba se-G0 futhi zisehlukanise nazo zonke izigaba zomjikelezo weseli:

• Ukuma kumjikelezo weseli: Phakathi nesigaba se-G0, amaseli ayama emjikelezweni wawo futhi awathuthukeli esigabeni se-G1.
• Umsebenzi owehlisiwe we-metabolic: Amaseli esigabeni se-G0 anciphisa umsebenzi wawo we-metabolic, okuwavumela ukuthi onge amandla nezisetshenziswa.
• Amandla okubuyela kumjikelezo weseli: Nakuba amaseli ephumulile, agcina ikhono lokwenza kusebenze futhi aqalise kabusha umjikelezo weseli ngokuphendula izisusa ezifanele zangaphandle.

Kafushane, isigaba se-G0 simele ukumisa okwesikhashana ekuhlukaniseni amaseli, lapho amaseli angalulama futhi azivumelanise nezimo ezihlukile ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nomjikelezo wawo. Lesi sikhathi sokuphumula sibalulekile ekugcineni izicubu ze-homeostasis nokuvikela ubuqotho bomzimba.

- Izizathu nezici ezingaholela amaseli ukuthi angene esigabeni se-G0

Isigaba se-G0 yisiteji somjikelezo weseli lapho amaseli angena khona esimweni sokuphumula noma sokuthula. Kulesi sigaba, sizohlola izizathu nezici ezingaholela amaseli ukuthi angene kulesi sigaba. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukungena esigabeni se-G0 kungabangelwa izimpawu ezihlukahlukene zemvelo kanye nezisusa.

Kunezizathu eziningi zokuthi kungani amaseli angangena esigabeni se-G0. Ezinye zazo zihlanganisa:

• Ukulimala kweseli: Uma iseli lilimaza i-DNA yalo noma lisesimweni sokucindezeleka, lingangena esigabeni se-G0 njengesinyathelo sokuzivikela futhi livumele ukulungiswa komonakalo.
• Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli: Ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwento ephilayo, amaseli angangena esigabeni se-G0 ukuze ahlukanise futhi agxile ezinhlotsheni zamaseli ezihlukene, akhe izicubu nezitho ezithile.
• Ukuncipha komsoco: Uma amaseli engenazo izinsiza ezanele, njengezakhi ezibalulekile, angangena esigabeni se-G0 ukuze alondoloze amandla futhi aphile ezimweni ezimbi.

Ngaphezu kwalezi zizathu, kunezici ezimbalwa ezingaba nomthelela ekungeneni kwamaseli esigabeni se-G0:

• Izimpawu zokukhula: Ukuba khona kwezimpawu ezikhuthaza ukukhula kwamangqamuzana nokwanda kungavimbela ukungena esigabeni se-G0, kugcina amaseli esesimweni esisebenzayo sokuhlukana.
• Ama-cell cycle inhibitors: Ezinye izinto, njengemithi ethile noma izici zokukhula, zingaphazamisa izindlela zokusayina umjikelezo wamaseli futhi zicuphe ukungena esigabeni se-G0.
• Izimpawu zokucindezeleka: Ukucindezeleka kwamaselula, okubangelwa izici ezifana nokuntuleka komoya-mpilo noma ukuchayeka kubuthi, kungenza kusebenze ama-cascades okubonisa aholela amaseli ukuthi angene esimweni sokuphumula esigabeni se-G0.

Kafushane, ukungena esigabeni se-G0 kungase kubangele izizathu ezihlukahlukene nezici ezithinta amaseli. Kusukela emonakalweni weseli kuya kumasignali okukhula, lezi zakhi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni umjikelezo weseli nokugcina ukulingana kwamaselula ngaphansi kwezimo ezehlukene zemvelo nezokuphila.

– Izincomo zokugcina ibhalansi efanele phakathi kwesigaba se-G0 nezinye izigaba zomjikelezo weseli

Ukugcina ibhalansi efanele phakathi kwesigaba se-G0 nezinye izigaba zomjikelezo weseli, kubalulekile ukulandela izincomo ezithile eziqinisekisa inqubo elungile nenempilo yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli. Ngezansi ezinye izinyathelo ezingase zibe usizo:

Ukuzivocavoca okuvamile: Ukuzivivinya okuvamile kubalulekile ukuze ugcine ukulingana okufanele phakathi kwezigaba ezahlukene zomjikelezo weseli. Ukuzivocavoca kuthuthukisa ukujikeleza kwegazi, okusiza ukuthutha imisoco nomoya-mpilo kumaseli kuzo zonke izigaba. izigaba zomjikelezo weseli.

Ukudla okulinganiselayo: Ukudla okulinganiselayo nokunomsoco kubalulekile ukuze kube nomjikelezo wamaseli onempilo. Ukusebenzisa ukudla okuhlukahlukene okucebile ngamavithamini, amaminerali, nama-antioxidants, njengezithelo, imifino, okusanhlamvu okuphelele, namaprotheni angenalutho, kunikeza izakhi ezidingekayo ekusebenzeni kahle kwazo zonke izigaba zomjikelezo weseli.

Ukuphathwa kokucindezeleka: Ukucindezeleka okungapheli kungaphazamisa ibhalansi yomjikelezo weseli, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukusebenzisa amasu okulawula ingcindezi, njengokuzindla, i-yoga, noma ukuphefumula okujulile. Lezi zindlela zisiza ukunciphisa amazinga okucindezeleka futhi zikhuthaze indawo efanelekile ekusebenzeni kahle komjikelezo wamaseli.

Imibuzo Nezimpendulo

Umbuzo: Yiziphi izigaba zomjikelezo weseli?
A: Izigaba zomjikelezo weseli yi-G1, S, G2, M kanye ne-G0.

Q: Kwenzekani ngesikhathi se-G1?
A: Ngesikhathi sesigaba se-G1, iseli liyakhula futhi lilungiselele ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA.

Umbuzo: Kwenzekani esigabeni S?
A: Esigabeni sika-S, iseli lihlanganisa ikhophi eliqondile le-DNA yalo.

Q: Uyini umsebenzi wesiteji G2?
A: Ngesikhathi sesigaba se-G2, iseli lilungiselela ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli futhi lihlole ukuthi i-DNA eyimpinda ilungile yini.

Umbuzo: Kwenzekani esigabeni M?
A: Isiteji esingu-M, esaziwa nangokuthi i-mitosis, yilapho iseli lihlukana libe amaseli amantombazane amabili afanayo.

Umbuzo: Siyini isigaba G0?
A: Isiteji se-G0 yisigaba sokuphumula noma esithule lapho amaseli engenzi ngokuqhubekayo imisebenzi yokuhlukanisa amaseli.

Q: Yini ukubaluleka kwezigaba zomjikelezo weseli?
A: Izigaba zomjikelezo wamaseli zibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa okufanele kwezicubu nezitho, kanye nokugcina ibhalansi yeselula.

Q: Kuyini ukulandelana kwalezi zigaba? emjikelezweni weseli?
A: Ukuhleleka okulandelanayo kwezigaba zomjikelezo weseli ngu-G1, S, G2, M kanye no-G0.

Umbuzo: Kuhlanganisani ukulawulwa okufanele kwalezi zigaba?
IMP: Ukulawulwa okufanele kwalezi zigaba kuqinisekisa ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA okulungile kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli ngokulinganayo, ukuvimbela izifo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamaseli angavamile.

Q: Yiziphi izici ezilawula umjikelezo weseli?
A: Izinto ezihlukahlukene zilawula umjikelezo weseli, njenge-cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs), ama-cyclins, izici zokukhula, nama-CDK inhibitor proteins.

Q: Kwenzekani uma kuba noshintsho kunoma yisiphi salezi zigaba zomjikelezo weseli?
IMPENDULO: Izinguquko ezigabeni zomjikelezo wamangqamuzana zingaholela ezifweni ezinjengomdlavuza kanye nokuphazamiseka kofuzo, njengoba ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA nokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kungase kungalawuleki ngaphandle kokulawulwa okufanele.

Imibono Yesikhathi Esizayo

Kafushane, izigaba zomjikelezo wamaseli (G1, S, G2, M, no-G0), njengoba sihlaziye kulesi sihloko, zibalulekile ekuqondeni inqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli nokukhula kwezinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic. Kuzo zonke lezi zigaba, amaseli aba nezinguquko eziphawulekayo ekwakhekeni nasekusebenzeni kwawo, aqinisekise ukuphindwaphindwa okulungile kwezakhi zawo zofuzo kanye nokuhlukaniswa ngokulinganayo kwama-chromosome phakathi ne-mitosis. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kubalulekile hhayi emkhakheni wesayensi kuphela kodwa nasemikhakheni efana nezokwelapha, lapho ukucwaninga ngezinguquko emjikelezweni wamaseli kunganikeza ulwazi olubalulekile lokuxilonga nokwelashwa kwezifo ezihlukahlukene. Njengoba ucwaningo ngalesi sihloko luqhubeka nokuthuthuka, imininingwane emisha nezindlela ezihlobene nokulawulwa nokulawulwa komjikelezo weseli cishe zizotholwa, okunomthelela ekuqondeni kangcono ukuphila. ezingeni leselula.