Emkhakheni webhayoloji, ucwaningo lwezinga lamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo luyingxenye ebalulekile yokuqonda ukusebenza nokusebenzelana kwezingxenye ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo. Ngombono wezobuchwepheshe nokungathathi hlangothi, lesi sihloko sizodingida umhlaba othakazelisayo wamaseli kanye nokuhlelwa kwawo ezingeni lezinto eziphilayo. Sizohlola izici ezibalulekile ezichaza lawa mayunithi wesakhiwo nokusebenza, kanye nokubaluleka kwawo ku-homeostasis nokugcinwa kwempilo. Ngokusebenzisa indlela eqinile esekelwe ebufakazini besayensi, sizothola ukuthi izinga le-organic organic lakha kanjani isisekelo esiyisisekelo sezinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi, sibeka izisekelo zokuthuthukiswa kocwaningo kanye nokusetshenziswa emikhakheni eyahlukene yesayensi nemithi.
Isingeniso Sezinga Le-Cellular Organic
Emhlabeni webhayoloji yamaselula, izinga le-organic organic libaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni ukuthi impilo isebenza kanjani ezingeni le-microscopic. Kulesi singeniso, sizohlola imiqondo ebalulekile kanye nezici eziyisisekelo zaleli zinga lenhlangano yamaselula.
Izinga le-organic organic lisho ukwakheka nokusebenza kwamangqamuzana ngamanye entweni ephilayo. Amaseli angamayunithi ayisisekelo empilo futhi anezici ezifanayo, njengolwelwesi lweseli oluhlukanisa ingaphakathi lawo futhi lulawule ukushintshana kwezinto nendawo ezungezile. Ukwengeza, amangqamuzana aqukethe izakhi zofuzo ezisesimweni se-DNA, equkethe iziyalezo zokwakheka kwamaprotheni nokusebenza kwamangqamuzana okufanele.
Amaseli angaba yizinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-prokaryotic ne-eukaryotic. Amaseli e-Prokaryotic alula futhi awanayo i-nucleus echaziwe, kuyilapho amaseli e-eukaryotic eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ane-nucleus echazwe kahle. Amaseli e-Eukaryotic wona ahlukaniswa abe amangqamuzana ezilwane namaseli ezitshalo, ngalinye linezici ezithile. Lawa mangqamuzana angakwazi futhi ukwakha izicubu nezitho, okubangela ubunkimbinkimbi bezinto eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi.
Isakhiwo nokuhleleka kwamaseli
Iseli liyiyunithi eyisisekelo yokuphila futhi zonke izinhlobo zokuphila zakhiwe ngamaseli. Lezi zakhiwo ezincane zihleleke kakhulu ukuze zenze imisebenzi edingekayo ukuze kuphile kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukwakheka kwamaseli kungahluka kuye ngohlobo lwento ephilayo, kodwa ngokuvamile angahlukaniswa abe izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: amaseli e-prokaryotic namaseli e-eukaryotic.
Amaseli e-Prokaryotic alula ngokwakheka futhi atholakala ezintweni ezineseli elilodwa njengama-bacteria. Zinolwelwesi olulodwa oluzungeza izakhi zofuzo, ezaziwa ngokuthi i-DNA, ehlakazeka ku-cytoplasm. Ukwengeza, bangase babe nama-appendages amancane abizwa ngokuthi i-pili abavumela ukuba banamathele phezulu noma banyakaze. Kumaseli e-prokaryotic, ama-ribosomes akhululekile ku-cytoplasm.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amangqamuzana e-eukaryotic ayinkimbinkimbi futhi atholakala ezintweni eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi njengezitshalo, izilwane kanye nesikhunta. Lawa maseli anesakhiwo esichaziwe lapho izakhi zofuzo ziqukethwe ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus ezungezwe imvilophu yenuzi. Futhi banama-organelles amaningana akhethekile, njenge-mitochondria ebhekele ukukhiqizwa kwamandla, izinto ze-Golgi ezibhekele ukuguqulwa kwamaprotheni nokupakishwa, kanye ne-endoplasmic reticulum ebhekele ukwakheka kwe-lipid kanye namaprotheni.
Imisebenzi nezici zezinga le-organic organic
Imisebenzi yezinga lamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngezici zabo ezithile, amaseli enza izinqubo ezihlukahlukene ezibalulekile eziqinisekisa ukusinda nokulinganisela kwangaphakathi. Ngezansi eminye imisebenzi ephawulekayo nezici zeleveli ye-organic organic:
1. Dlala ngokuzenzakalelayo: Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zezinga le-organic organic yikhono lawo lokuzikhiqiza. Ngokuhlukana kwamangqamuzana, amangqamuzana angakwazi ukukhiqiza amaseli amasha afana nawo, okubalulekile ekukhuleni nasekulungiseni izicubu eziphilayo.
2. I-Homeostasis: Amaseli anamandla okugcina indawo yangaphakathi ezinzile, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-homeostasis. Le bhalansi ifinyelelwa ngokulawula izinga lokushisa, i-pH nezinye izici ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwayo okufanele. Bangakwazi futhi ukuqeda ukungcola futhi bathole imisoco edingekayo ukuze bafeze imisebenzi yayo.
3. Ukuxhumana kweselula: Amaseli ayaxhumana ukuze axhumanise imisebenzi yawo futhi agcine ubuqotho bomzimba. Ngezimpawu zamakhemikhali nezikagesi, amangqamuzana angadlulisela ulwazi futhi aphendule ekushukumiseni kwangaphandle. Lokhu kuxhumana kubalulekile ekuxhumaneni kwemisebenzi yezicubu nezitho zomzimba.
Ukubaluleka kokugcina ibhalansi yeselula efanele
Ukugcina ibhalansi efanele yamangqamuzana kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwezinto eziphilayo. Amaseli ayiyunithi eyisisekelo yokuphila futhi ibhalansi yawo yangaphakathi ibalulekile kuyo yonke imisebenzi yebhayoloji. Lapha izizathu zokuthi kungani ukugcina lebhalansi yeselula kubaluleke kakhulu kuzobhekwa.
Esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zokulondoloza ibhalansi efanele yamaselula ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okufanele kwezinqubo ze-metabolic. Amaseli adinga ukugcinwa kokuhlangana okunomsoco kwezakhi namakhemikhali ukuze enze ukusabela kwe-metabolic okudingekayo ekukhiqizweni kwamandla, ukuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni, nokulawulwa kwemisebenzi ehlukahlukene yamaselula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le bhalansi ibalulekile ukuze kuqedwe udoti okhiqizwa yilokhu kusabela, ngaleyo ndlela kugwenywe ukunqwabelana kobuthi obungadala ukulimala kwamaselula.
Ibhalansi yeselula ibalulekile futhi ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwamaseli kanye nokuxhumana kwemisebenzi ngaphakathi kwento ephilayo yamangqamuzana amaningi. Amaseli kufanele agcine ukuhlangana okwanele kwezimpawu zamakhemikhali, njengamahomoni nama-neurotransmitters, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo. Lokhu kuvumela ukudluliswa kolwazi phakathi kwamaseli, ukulawulwa kwezinqubo zokuthuthukiswa kanye nokusabela okufanele ekushukunyisweni kwemvelo. Ukungalingani kwamangqamuzana kungase kubangele ukuphazamiseka ekuboniseni amaseli, okungaholela ezifweni noma ukungasebenzi kahle emzimbeni.
Izinqubo ze-Metabolic ezingeni le-organic organic
Ezingeni le-organic organic, uchungechunge lwezinqubo ze-metabolic ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni nasekusindeni kwamaseli ziyenziwa. Lezi zinqubo zivumela ukutholwa kwamandla, ukuhlanganiswa kwama-molecule ayinkimbinkimbi kanye nokugcinwa kwebhalansi yangaphakathi. Ezinye zezinqubo ze-metabolic eziyinhloko kuleli zinga zichazwe ngezansi:
I-Anabolism:
I-Anabolism Kuyinqubo inqubo ye-metabolic lapho ama-molecule ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu akhiwa ngama-molecule alula. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, amaprotheni, i-lipids nama-nucleic acid ahlanganiswa, abalulekile ekukhuleni kwamangqamuzana nokulungisa. Le nqubo Kudinga amandla, atholakala ekonakalisweni kwama-molecule anamandla amakhulu.
Ukwakheka kwe-Catabolism:
I-Catabolism iyisigaba esiphambene ne-anabolism futhi ihlose ukudiliza ama-molecule ayinkimbinkimbi abe ama-molecule alula, akhiphe amandla. Phakathi nale nqubo, ama-molecule afana nama-carbohydrates nama-lipids ayaphulwa ukuze kutholwe i-ATP, umthombo oyinhloko wamandla asetshenziswa amaseli. I-Catabolism ibalulekile ekutholeni amandla nokugcina izinqubo ezibalulekile engqamuzaneni.
Ukuthuthwa kwe-Membrane:
Ukuthuthwa kwe-Membrane kuyinqubo ye-metabolic evumela ukushintshaniswa kwezinto kulo lonke ulwelwesi lwamaseli. Phakathi kwezinqubo ezahlukene zokuthutha kukhona ukusabalalisa okulula, ukusabalalisa okulula, i-osmosis kanye nokuthutha okusebenzayo. Lezi zindlela zibalulekile ekungeneni nasekuphumeni kwemisoco, ukukhishwa kwemfucuza, nokugcinwa kwebhalansi ye-osmotic kuseli.
Izinselelo noshintsho ezingeni lamaselula
Ezingeni le-organic organic, uchungechunge lwezinselelo nokuguqulwa kwenzeka okungaba nomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kuhilela izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi lapho amangqamuzana adinga ukuzivumelanisa futhi aphendule ngendlela efanele ukuze agcine i-homeostasis futhi aqinisekise ukuphila kwawo.
Phakathi kwezinselelo ezinkulu amangqamuzana abhekana nazo yilezi:
- Ukulimala kwe-DNA: Amaseli ahlala echayeka ezintweni zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ezingadala umonakalo kuzakhi zawo zofuzo. Lo monakalo ungashintsha ikhono lokuphindaphinda nokulotshwa kwe-DNA, okubeka engcupheni ekusebenzeni kahle kwamaselula.
- Ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative: Ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile kwezinhlobo ze-oksijini ezisebenzayo, njengama-radicals mahhala, kungalimaza izakhiwo zamaselula, kuhlanganise nama-lipids, amaprotheni nama-nucleic acid. Ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative kungadala ukungalingani ezingeni lokunciphisa i-oxidation yeselula futhi kubangele ukuzivikela nokulungisa izimpendulo.
- Ukuguqulwa kofuzo: Ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kungaba nemiphumela ebalulekile ku- ezingeni leselula. Lezi zinguquko zingashintsha amaprotheni synthesis, ukulawula umjikelezo weseli kanye nokulawulwa kwemigudu ye-metabolic, phakathi kwezinye izinqubo ezibalulekile. Ukuguqulwa kofuzo kungazuzwa noma kutholwe kuyo yonke impilo yento ephilayo.
Izinguquko ezingeni le-organic organic zingahlotshaniswa nezifo nokuphazamiseka okuhlukahlukene, njengomdlavuza, izifo ze-neurodeergenerative, izifo ze-metabolic, nokuphazamiseka kwesistimu yomzimba. Ukuqonda izinselelo amangqamuzana abhekana nazo kanye nezinguquko ezingase zivele kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwemithi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokwelapha okusebenzayo.
Izincomo eziyinhloko zokugcina impilo ezingeni le-organic organic
Ukugcina impilo ezingeni le-organic organic, kubalulekile ukwamukela izincomo ezithile ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, kuyadingeka ukudla ukudla okulinganiselayo okucebile izakhi ezibalulekile ukuze amangqamuzana asebenze kahle. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukudla ukudla okusha okunothe ngamavithamini namaminerali, njengezithelo, imifino enamahlamvu aluhlaza, okusanhlamvu, namaprotheni angenalutho. Ngokufanayo, kuhle ukugwema ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile koshukela, amafutha agcwele kanye nokudla okugayiwe, njengoba kungathinta kabi impilo yeselula.
Esinye isici esibalulekile ukulondoloza impilo ezingeni leselula Kuwukugcina indlela yokuphila ematasa nokuzivocavoca njalo. Ukusebenza ngokomzimba kuvuselela umoya-mpilo weselula, kuthuthukisa ukujikeleza kwegazi futhi kuqinisa amasosha omzimba. Kunconywa ukwenza okungenani imizuzu engu-150 yokuzivocavoca okusesilinganisweni ngesonto, njengokuhamba, ukubhukuda noma ukudlala imidlalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukugwema indlela yokuphila yokuhlala futhi uchithe isikhathi eside ungasebenzi, njengoba lokhu kungase kuthinte kabi impilo yeselula.
Okokugcina, kubalulekile ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka nokukhuthaza ukuphumula ukuze ulondoloze impilo ezingeni le-organic organic. Ukucindezeleka okungapheli kunomthelela omubi ekusebenzeni kwamaselula futhi kungadala izinkinga zempilo. Ukuze ulwe nokucindezeleka, kunconywa ukwenza amasu okuphumula, njengokuzindla, ukuphefumula okujulile, i-yoga noma imisebenzi yokuzijabulisa esihlinzeka ngokuphila kahle ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuphumula kwekhwalithi, ngoba ukulungiswa kwamaselula kanye nezinqubo zokuvuselela kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokulala.
Imibuzo Nezimpendulo
Q: Liyini izinga le-Cellular Organic?
A: I-Cellular Organic Level ibhekisela ezingeni eliyisisekelo kakhulu lokuhleleka ezintweni eziphilayo, lapho amaseli atholakala khona.
Umbuzo: Ayini amaseli?
IMP: Amaseli ayizingxenye eziyisisekelo zokuphila futhi akha isisekelo sokwakheka kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Zenziwe ngolwelwesi lwangaphandle oluhlukanisa ukwakheka kwazo futhi lulawule ukudlula kwezinto, kanye nama-organelle ahlukene abamba iqhaza emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yamaselula.
Umbuzo: Yiziphi izinhlobo zamaseli akhona ezintweni eziphilayo?
A: Izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zamaseli amaseli e-prokaryotic namaseli e-eukaryotic. Amaseli e-Prokaryotic, akhona kumabhaktheriya kanye ne-archaea, angamaseli alula futhi awanayo i-nucleus echaziwe, kuyilapho amangqamuzana e-eukaryotic, akhona ezilwaneni, ezitshalweni, esikhunjini nakuma-protist, ane-nucleus equkethe izinto zofuzo.
Q: Uyini umsebenzi oyinhloko Wezinga Le-Cellular Organic?
IMPENDULO: Izinga le-Cellular Organic linomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza yonke imisebenzi ebalulekile yokunakekela nokuphila kwento ephilayo. Le misebenzi ihlanganisa ukuthola amandla, ukukhiqiza, ukukhula, kanye nokuxhumana kwangaphakathi nokwangaphandle kwamangqamuzana.
Q: Yiziphi izingxenye eziyinhloko zeseli?
IMP: Ngokujwayelekile, iseli lakhiwe ulwelwesi lwe-plasma oluzungeza iseli futhi luyihlukanise nemvelo, i-nucleus equkethe izakhi zofuzo futhi elawula ukusebenza kwamaselula, kanye ne-cytoplasm lapho ama-organelles amaseli ahlukene atholakala khona.
Q: Yiziphi ama-organelles amaselula ayinhloko kanye nemisebenzi yawo?
A: Amanye ama-organelles amangqamuzana abaluleke kakhulu yinucleus, egcina i-DNA futhi ilawula ukusebenza kwamaselula, i-endoplasmic reticulum, ebhekele ukuhlanganiswa nokuthuthwa kwamaprotheni nama-lipids, kanye ne-mitochondria, ekhiqiza amandla ngenqubo yokuphefumula kwamaselula. , kanye nemishini ye-Golgi, ebamba iqhaza ekuguqulweni nasekuthuthweni kwemikhiqizo yamaselula.
Q: Amaseli asebenzisana kanjani ku-Cellular Organic Level?
IMP: Amaseli angakwazi ukuxhumana namanye ngezinqubo zokuxhumana zamaselula, ngamasignali amakhemikhali awavumela ukuthi axhumanise imisebenzi futhi enze imisebenzi ebalulekile ndawonye. Lokhu kusebenzisana kubalulekile ekusebenzeni nasekusindeni kwezinto eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi.
Q: Imaphi amagatsha amakhulu ocwaningo ahlobene nezinga le-Cellular Organic?
IMP: Ucwaningo Lwezinga Le-Cellular Organic lwakhiwe ngaphakathi kwebhayoloji yamaselula futhi luhlanganisa izindawo ezifana nebhayoloji yamangqamuzana, izakhi zofuzo, isayensi yemvelo yamaselula kanye ne-microbiology, phakathi kokunye. Lezi ziqondiso zinesibopho sokuphenya izakhiwo nemisebenzi yamaseli, kanye nokubaluleka kwazo empilweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezifo.
Ekuphetheni
Sengiphetha, ucwaningo lwezinga le-organic organic limele insimu ebalulekile ekuqondeni izinqubo zebhayoloji. Ngokuhlaziya okuningiliziwe kwezakhiwo nemisebenzi yamangqamuzana, sikwazile ukudalula izimfihlakalo zokuphila ngokwazo. Kusukela ekuboneni ama-organelles nemisebenzi yawo eyahlukene kuye ekuhloleni izinqubo zokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, leli zinga lenhlangano lisinika ukuqonda okujulile kokuthi izinto eziphilayo zakhiwe futhi zisebenza kanjani.
Ukuqonda ubunzima beselula kuye kwavumela ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezindaweni ezifana nezokwelapha, i-biotechnology kanye negenetics. Ngenxa yocwaningo olusezingeni lamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo, senze intuthuko enkulu ekulweni nezifo, ukuqonda izinqubo ze-pathological kanye nokuxhaphaza izakhi zofuzo ukuthuthukisa izinga lempilo.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukucwaninga kwezinga le-organic organic kuyinkambu yokuziphendukela kwemvelo njalo futhi kusekuningi okusazotholwa. Ucwaningo kule ndawo luyaqhubeka nokubekela inselele amakhono ethu obuchwepheshe futhi lungabaza imibono yethu ekhona. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuthuthuke kakhulu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezihlukene kuzosinika imibono emisha futhi kusize ekuxazululeni ubunkimbinkimbi bempilo.
Kafushane, izinga le-organic organic limelela isisekelo esiyisisekelo sebhayoloji futhi linomthelela omkhulu emikhakheni eminingi yesayensi. Njengoba sijulisa ulwazi lwethu lwamaseli, sisesimweni esingcono sokubhekana nezinselele futhi sisebenzise amathuba avezwa emhlabeni webhayoloji. Ukuqhubeka nokuhlola izimfihlakalo zezinga le-organic organic kubalulekile ekwandiseni ukuqonda kwethu impilo nokusebenza kwayo.
Ngingu-Sebastián Vidal, unjiniyela wekhompyutha ozifelayo ngobuchwepheshe kanye ne-DIY. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngingumdali we tecnobits.com, lapho ngabelana khona ngezifundo zokwenza ubuchwepheshe bufinyeleleke kakhudlwana futhi buqonde wonke umuntu.