Ukuzivocavoca ngamamodeli e-Atomic

Emkhakheni obanzi wefiziksi, amamodeli e-athomu adlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni nasekuchazeni isakhiwo esiyisisekelo sendaba. Izivivinyo zemodeli ye-athomu iyithuluzi elibalulekile labafundi lokuthola ukuqonda okujulile kokuthi ama-athomu asebenzisana kanjani futhi akhe ama-molecule ahlukahlukene nezinhlanganisela ezisizungezile. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola uchungechunge lwezivivinyo zezobuchwepheshe ezizovumela abafundi ukuthi basebenzise izimiso zetiyori ngemuva kwamamodeli e-athomu, ngaleyo ndlela baqinise ukuqonda kwabo kanye namakhono kulesi siyalo esithakazelisayo. Ngakho ake siqale! [END

1. Isingeniso sokuzivocavoca ngamamodeli e-athomu

Kulesi sigaba, sizokhuluma ngokuzivocavoca okuhlobene namamodeli e-athomu, okubalulekile ekuqondeni ukwakheka nokuziphatha kwama-athomu. Izivivinyo ezihlongozwayo zizogxila ekusebenziseni ulwazi olutholwe kulesi sihloko ngezinkinga ezihlukahlukene ezingokoqobo.

Ukuze uxazulule lezi zivivinyo, kubalulekile ukucaca mayelana nemiqondo eyisisekelo yamamodeli e-athomu, njengemodeli ye-Thompson, imodeli kaRutherford kanye nemodeli ye-Bohr. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyasiza ukwazi izici zomunye nomunye kanye nomehluko phakathi kwazo. Sizosebenzisa lawa mamodeli njengamathuluzi okuhlaziya izimo ezithile futhi siqonde ukuthi ama-athomu aziphatha kanjani ezimeni ezahlukene.

Emsebenzini ngamunye, sizohlinzeka ngezifundo ezinemininingwane namathiphu awusizo wokuxazulula inkinga ngempumelelo. Ukwengeza, sizosebenzisa izibonelo eziphathekayo ukuze sibonise izinyathelo okufanele zilandelwe esinqumweni. Kuzohlinzekwa nesixazululo Igxathu emvakwe gxathu ngokuzivocavoca ngakunye, okuzokuvumela ukuthi uqonde inqubo ephelele futhi uqinisekise imiphumela etholiwe. Ungakhathazeki uma kuwukuthi okokuqala Ukuzivocavoca okubhekene namamodeli e-athomu, njengoba lesi sigaba sizokunikeza wonke amathuluzi adingekayo ukuze usondele ngokuzethemba umsebenzi ngamunye.

2. Izivivinyo zokubala amandla enuzi asebenzayo kuma-athomu

Ukushajwa kwe-nuclear esebenzayo ku-athomu kubhekisela ekushayweni okuhle kwensalela okuzwakala i-electron ye-valence ngenxa yokukhangwa kwama-proton ku-nucleus kanye nokunyanyiswa kwama-electron kumagobolondo angaphakathi. Ukunquma inkokhiso ye-nuclear esebenzayo kubalulekile ukuze uqonde izici zamakhemikhali nokuziphatha kwama-athomu.

Ukuze ubale inani elisebenzayo le-nuclear, umuntu kufanele acabangele inani lamaphrothoni ku-nucleus futhi acabangele umphumela wamagobolondo e-electronic angaphakathi. Kusetshenziswa ifomula elandelayo:

I-Nuclear Charge Esebenzayo (Z_ef) = Inani lamaphrothoni (Z) – Ukuvikela okungaguquki (S)

Inani lokungaguquki kokuvikela liyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lwe-orbital namandla. Kunganqunywa ngokusebenzisa amathebula noma amafomula. Isibonelo, uma kuyi-athomu ye-oxygen (Z = 8), izakhiwo zama-electron kugobolondo lesi-2 kufanele ziphenywe.

3. Ukuzivocavoca ukusebenzisa imodeli ye-Bohr kuma-athomu e-hydrogen

Uma sesiyiqonda imodeli ye-Bohr kanye nokusebenza kwayo kuma-athomu e-hydrogen, singakwazi ukuqala ukuxazulula izivivinyo ezisebenzayo ukuze sihlanganise ulwazi lwethu. Okulandelayo, zizokwethulwa ezinye izibonelo isinyathelo ngesinyathelo ukuqondisa inqubo yokuxazulula.

Ukuze uxazulule lolu hlobo lokuzivocavoca, kubalulekile ukukhumbula i-postulates yemodeli ye-Bohr futhi ucace ngenqubo okufanele uyilandele. Okokuqala, izinombolo ze-quantum kufanele zihlonzwe n, l y m isimo sokuqala nesokugcina samandla e-athomu ye-hydrogen. Bese, kusetshenziswa ifomula yamandla, umehluko wamandla phakathi kwamazinga uyabalwa. Ekugcineni, ubude begagasi bemisebe ekhishiwe noma emunnyiwe bunqunywa kusetshenziswa ifomula ehambisanayo.

Isibonelo esisebenzayo kungaba lokhu okulandelayo: ake sithi sine-athomu ye-hydrogen endaweni yayo yomhlabathi, okungukuthi, nge-n = 1. Uma imunca imisebe futhi ifinyelele esimweni nge-n = 3, kufanele sibale amandla nobude be-waveleng baleyo misebe. . Okokuqala, sinquma umehluko wamandla sisebenzisa ifomula ethi ΔE = -Rhc(1/nf² – 1/ni²), lapho u-R eyi-Rydberg engaguquki, u-h uyi-Planck engaguquki futhi u-c yijubane kokukhanya. Bese, sisebenzisa ifomula ye-wavelength, λ = c/f, lapho u-f eyimvamisa, singathola inani elifunekayo.

4. Ukuzivocavoca kokunquma ukucushwa kwe-elekthronikhi kusetshenziswa umthetho ka-Hund

Umthetho ka-Hund uyithuluzi eliwusizo ekunqumeni ukucushwa kwama-electron. Lo mthetho uthi ama-electron athatha ama-orbitals ngawodwana ngaphambi kokumataniswa. Ukuxazulula izivivinyo Ukuze unqume ukucushwa kwama-electron usebenzisa umthetho we-Hund, izinyathelo ezilandelayo kufanele zilandelwe:

1. Khomba inombolo ye-athomu yento okukhulunywa ngayo. Le nombolo isitshela inani lama-electron okufanele ukumiswa kwe-electronic kube nawo.

2. Bhala ukusabalalisa ngogesi ngomdwebo womcibisholo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ama-electron kufanele anikezwe ama-orbitals ahlukene ngokuvumelana nemithetho yokugcwalisa. Umthetho ka-Hund uthi ama-electron kufanele athathe ama-orbitals ngawodwana (ngemicibisholo yaphezulu) ngaphambi kokumatanisa phezulu (nemicibisholo yaphansi).

5. Ukuzivocavoca kwesicelo semodeli ye-Schrödinger kuma-athomu e-polyelectronic

Ukuxazulula izinkinga okubandakanya ama-athomu ama-multielectron usebenzisa imodeli ye-Schrödinger, kubalulekile ukulandela indlela yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo. Lapha ngizokuqondisa ngezinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze usebenzise le modeli ngempumelelo.

1. Misa isibalo se-Schrödinger: Qala ngokubhala futhi usungule isibalo se-Schrödinger sohlelo okukhulunywa ngalo. Lesi sibalo somehluko esiyingxenye sichaza umsebenzi wamagagasi wesistimu namandla ahlobene nawo. Qiniseka ukuthi ucabangela imigomo yamandla e-kinetic, amandla angaba khona, kanye nokushaja okusebenzayo kwe-nuclear.

2. Yenza izilinganiso: Ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukwenza ukulinganisa okuthile ukwenza inkinga ibe lula. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukusetshenziswa kokulinganisa kwenkambu emaphakathi kanye nesilinganiso esizimele se-orbital. Lezi zindlela ezilula zenza kube lula ukunciphisa ubunzima besistimu futhi kube lula ukubala okulandelayo.

3. Xazulula isibalo seSchrödinger: Uma ususungule isibalo se-Schrödinger futhi wenza izilinganiso ezidingekayo, sekuyisikhathi sokuyixazulula. Lokhu kuhilela ukusebenzisa izindlela ezifanele zezibalo, njengokuhlukanisa okuguquguqukayo nokuxazulula izilinganiso ezihlukene. Ngokuxazulula i-equation, uzothola umsebenzi wamagagasi namandla avunyelwe wesistimu esacwaningwayo.

6. Izivivinyo zokubala umehluko wamandla kumazinga wamandla e-athomu

Kulesi sigaba, sizocubungula inqubo yokubala umehluko wamandla kumazinga wamandla e-athomu. Ukwenza lokhu, kubalulekile ukulandela uchungechunge lwezinyathelo ezizosisiza ukuthi sithole imiphumela ngokunembile.

1. Ukuhlonza amazinga wamandla: into yokuqala okufanele siyenze ukuhlonza amazinga wamandla ahilelekile ohlelweni. Lawa mazinga anqunywa ukwakheka kwe-elekthronikhi kwama-athomu futhi amelelwa izinombolo ze-quantum. Kudingeka ukwazi kokubili izinga lokuqala kanye nezinga lokugcina ukuze ubale umehluko wamandla.

2. Ukunqunywa kwamandla: uma sesihlonze amazinga wamandla, kubalulekile ukunquma amandla ahambisana nezinga ngalinye. Le datha ivamise ukutholakala kumathebula amanani wamandla ama-athomu ahlukene. Uma singawatholi amandla kuthebula, amathuluzi okubala afana nezinhlelo ze-quantum chemistry noma ukulinganisa okusekelwe kumafomula etiyetha angasetshenziswa.

3. Ukubalwa komehluko wamandla: uma sesiwazi amandla ahambisana namazinga okuqala nawokugcina, singaqhubeka nokubala umehluko wamandla. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokukhipha amandla okugcina emandleni okuqala. Kubalulekile ukucabangela amayunithi amandla asetshenziswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imiphumela iyahambisana.

Kubalulekile ukulandela lezi zinyathelo ngokulandelana futhi unake kakhulu imininingwane ukuze uthole imiphumela enembile ekubalweni komehluko wamandla kumazinga wamandla e-athomu. Ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi afanelekile kungasiza inqubo futhi kuqinisekise ukunemba okukhulu emiphumeleni etholiwe. Qiniseka ukuthi uhlola amayunithi akho futhi wenza imisebenzi yakho ngendlela efanele ukuze uthole idatha efanele ezibalweni zakho!

7. Ukuzivocavoca usebenzisa imodeli ye-Lewis kumabhondi amakhemikhali nama-molecule

Kulesi sigaba, sizokhuluma . Ngalezi zivivinyo, uzokwazi ukusebenzisa imiqondo yethiyori yemodeli ye-Lewis futhi uyisebenzise ekumeleleni izinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali nama-molecule.

Ukuxazulula lezi zivivinyo, kubalulekile ukuba nolwazi oluqinile lokusatshalaliswa kwama-athomu nge-elekthronikhi kanye nemithetho yokubopha amakhemikhali. Kuyatuseka ukuthi ngaphambilini ubuyekeze imiqondo eyisisekelo yemodeli ye-Lewis, njengesakhiwo sikaLewis, imithetho yokwabela ama-electron kanye nomqondo wokushaja okusemthethweni.

Okulandelayo, izibonelo ezimbalwa zokuzivocavoca zizokwethulwa lapho kufanele kusetshenziswe imodeli ka Lewis. Isibonelo ngasinye sizohambisana nencazelo eningiliziwe yenqubo yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwemiphumela etholiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye amathiphu namaqhinga ewusizo ukwenza lula ukuxazulula izivivinyo.

Khumbula ukuthi ukuzijwayeza njalo kubalulekile ukuze ukwazi noma iyiphi inqubo, ngakho-ke sikumema ukuthi usebenzise amathuluzi asebenzisanayo, imihlahlandlela yokufunda nokuzivocavoca okwengeziwe ukuze uthuthukise amakhono akho okusebenzisa imodeli ye-Lewis kumabhondi amakhemikhali nama-molecule. Ungangabazi ukuxhumana nezinsiza ezengeziwe futhi uzijwayeze ngezibonelo ezahlukene ukuze uqinise ulwazi lwakho kule ndawo!

8. Izivivinyo zokuhumusha nokumelela izakhiwo zikaLewis zezinhlanganisela

Kulesi sigaba, kuzokwethulwa uchungechunge lwezivivinyo ezingokoqobo ezizovumela umfundi ukuba ahumushe futhi amele izakhiwo zikaLewis zenhlanganisela yamakhemikhali. ngempumelelo.

Ukwenza lolu hlobo lokuzivocavoca, kubalulekile ukwazi imiqondo eyisisekelo ye-Lewis theory futhi uqonde ukuthi ama-electron e-valence amelwe kanjani ku-compound. Uma lesi sisekelo sesisunguliwe, ungaqhubeka nokuxazulula izivivinyo usebenzisa lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:

1. Thola inhlanganisela yamakhemikhali: Into yokuqala okufanele yenziwe ukuhlonza inhlanganisela yamakhemikhali enikezwe emsebenzini. Lokhu kungase kudinge ulwazi lwangaphambili lwegama lamakhemikhali kanye namafomula esakhiwo.

2. Thola ama-electron e-valence: Uma i-compound isikhonjiwe, ama-electron e-valence ngayinye yezakhi ezikhona kufanele anqunywe. Ama-electron e-valence yilawo atholakala egobolondweni elingaphandle le-athomu futhi anquma ukutholakala kokwakha amabhondi amakhemikhali.

3. Mela ukwakheka kwe-Lewis: Ukwazi ama-electron e-valence, siqhubeka nokumela isakhiwo se-Lewis se-compound. Ukwenza lokhu, izimpawu zamakhemikhali zisetshenziselwa ukumela ama-athomu futhi amachashazi adwetshwa eduze kwawo ukuze amele ama-electron e-valence. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula imithetho yethiyori kaLewis, njengokuthambekela kwama-athomu ukufinyelela ukumiswa okuzinzile kwe-elekthronikhi ngama-electron ayisishiyagalombili e-valence.

Ngokulandela lezi zinyathelo, izivivinyo zokuhumusha nokumelela izakhiwo ze-Lewis zingaxazululwa ngempumelelo, okuzovumela umfundi ukuba aqonde izici nezakhiwo zezinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali ezifundwayo. Khumbula ukuzilolonga ngezibonelo futhi usebenzise amathuluzi afana nesofthiwe yokumelela amangqamuzana ukuze uqinise amakhono akho kulo mkhakha.

9. Ukuzivocavoca kokubala i-geometry yamangqamuzana nama-engeli ebhondi

Kulesi sigaba, sizofunda ukuthi singabala kanjani i-geometry yamangqamuzana nama-engeli ebhondi e-molecule. Lezi zivivinyo zibalulekile ukuze uqonde ukwakheka kwama-molecule kanye nokuziphatha kwawo kwamakhemikhali. Ngezansi, sizokwethula umhlahlandlela wesinyathelo ngesinyathelo ukuxazulula lolu hlobo lwenkinga.

1. Thola ifomula yamakhemikhali ye-molecule: Into yokuqala okufanele siyenze ukwazi ifomula yamakhemikhali ye-molecule esizoyihlaziya. Lokhu kuzosivumela ukuthi sinqume inani lama-athomu namabhondi akhona ku-molecule.

2. Dweba isakhiwo sikaLewis: Uma sesiyazi ifomula yamakhemikhali, singadweba isakhiwo se-Lewis se-molecule. Lesi sinyathelo sizosisiza ukuba sibone ngeso lengqondo ama-athomu namabhondi akhona esakhiweni samangqamuzana.

3. Thola i-geometry ye-molecular: Ngokusebenzisa ukwakheka kwe-Lewis, singakwazi ukunquma i-geometry yamangqamuzana ye-molecule. Ukuze senze lokhu, kufanele sicabangele ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo kwama-athomu namapheya e-electron azungeze i-athomu emaphakathi.

10. Ukuzivocavoca kokusetshenziswa kwemodeli ye-Pauling ku-electronegativity kanye ne-molecular polarity

Kulesi sigaba, sethula kuwe. Lezi zivivinyo zizokusiza ukuthi uqonde futhi usebenzise imiqondo ye-electronegativity kanye ne-molecular polarity ngendlela engokoqobo nephumelelayo. Lapha uzothola isinyathelo esinemininingwane ngesinyathelo sokuxazulula lolu hlobo lwenkinga, kanye namathiphu awusizo, amathuluzi kanye nezibonelo zokuqondisa ukuqonda kwakho.

Ukuze uxazulule lezi zivivinyo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi i-electronegativity isilinganiso sokuhlobana kwe-athomu yama-electron ku-molecule. Ukuze unqume ukuthi i-molecule i-polar noma cha, kufanele ucabangele umehluko ku-electronegativity phakathi kwama-athomu ayiqambayo. Uma umehluko ku-electronegativity mkhulu, i-molecule izoba yi-polar, kanti uma umehluko mncane noma uziro, i-molecule izoba i-nonpolar.

Isinyathelo sokuqala ukunquma amandla e-electronegativities ama-athomu ahilelekile. Ungasebenzisa i-Pauling electronegativity scale njengereferensi. Okulandelayo, bala umehluko ku-electronegativity phakathi kwama-athomu ebhondi ngayinye ku-molecule. Ukuze wenze lokhu, khipha amandla e-electronegativity ye-athomu encane ye-electronegative kusukela ku-electronegativity ye-athomu ye-electronegative ngaphezulu ehilelekile kubhondi. Uma umehluko mkhulu kuno-0.4, isibopho sizoba se-polar kanjalo ne-molecule.

Khumbula ukuthi i-molecular polarity ingathinta izakhiwo ezibonakalayo namakhemikhali ezinto, njengamaphoyinti ancibilikayo, amaphuzu abilayo, ukuncibilika kanye nokusebenza kabusha. Kubalulekile ukuqonda le mibono futhi usebenzise indlela esebenza ngayo ekuzilolongeni, njengoba iyisisekelo kumakhemikhali futhi izokuvumela ukuthi uqonde kangcono ukuthi ama-molecule aziphatha kanjani ezimweni ezahlukene. Izandla emsebenzini Manje xazulula lezi zivivinyo ukuze uqinise ulwazi lwakho lwe-electronegativity kanye ne-molecular polarity!

11. Izivivinyo zokubala amandla okubopha nokuzinza kwama-athomu nama-molecule

Kulesi sigaba, sizofunda ukuthi singabala kanjani amandla okubopha nokuzinza kwama-athomu nama-molecule. Lezi zibalo zibalulekile kukhemistri ye-quantum, njengoba zisivumela ukuthi siqonde kangcono ukwakheka nezakhiwo zalezi zinhlangano. Ngezansi kukhona izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga.

Isinyathelo sesi-1: Thola ulwazi oludingekayo

• Kubalulekile ukuba nenqwaba ye-athomu yezakhi ezihilelekile ekubaleni.
• Ukwazi ukumiswa kwe-electronic kwama-athomu kanye/noma ama-molecule kubalulekile.

Isinyathelo sesi-2: Bala amandla okubopha

1. Khomba izibopho ezikhona ku-molecule futhi ubale ukuthi zingaki.
2. Bala amandla ebhondi yebhondi ngayinye usebenzisa isibalo esihambisanayo.
3. Engeza wonke amandla okubopha ukuze uthole isamba samandla okubopha we-molecule.

Isinyathelo sesi-3: Thola ukuzinza

• Sebenzisa amandla okubopha atholwe esinyathelweni sangaphambilini ukuze unqume ukuzinza kwe-molecule.
• Uma amandla esibopho aphezulu, i-molecule izozinza kakhulu, ngoba izibopho ziqinile.
• Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma amandla okubopha ephansi, i-molecule izoba nokuzinza kancane, njengoba izibopho zibuthakathaka.

Ngokulandela lezi zinyathelo, uzokwazi ukubala amandla ebhondi futhi unqume ukuzinza kwama-athomu nama-molecule. Khumbula ukunaka imininingwane edingekayo futhi usebenzise izibalo ezifanele esibalweni ngasinye. Zijwayeze ngezibonelo ezahlukene ukuze uqinise amakhono akho kulesi sihloko!

12. Ukuzivocavoca ekusebenziseni okungokoqobo kwamamodeli e-athomu kukhemistri yesimanje

13. Ukuhlaziya kanye nokuzivocavoca kokuxazulula izinkinga ngamamodeli e-athomu elabhorethri

Kulesi sigaba, kuzokwethulwa uchungechunge lwezivivinyo ezingokoqobo ukuze kuhlaziywe futhi kuxazululwe izinkinga kusetshenziswa amamodeli e-athomu endaweni yaselabhorethri. Lezi zivivinyo zizosiza abafundi baqonde imiqondo eyisisekelo yesakhiwo se-athomu nokuthi bangayisebenzisa kanjani ezimweni zangempela.

Ngaphambi kokuthi siqale, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi amamodeli e-athomu ayizinto ezilula ezisetshenziselwa ukumela ukwakheka nokuziphatha kwama-athomu. Lawa mamodeli asivumela ukuthi sibone ngeso lengqondo futhi siqonde kangcono izakhiwo nezici zezakhi zamakhemikhali.

Kuso sonke lesi sigaba, kuzonikezwa izifundo ezinemininingwane zesinyathelo nesinyathelo ukuze kubhekwane nezinkinga ezahlukene ezihlobene nemodeli ye-athomu. Amathiphu namathuluzi awusizo azofakwa ukusiza ukuxazulula izivivinyo. Ukwengeza, kuzokwethulwa izibonelo ezingokoqobo ukuze kuboniswe indlela yokusebenzisa imiqondo yethiyori ekusebenzeni. Ekupheleni komsebenzi ngamunye, kuzonikezwa isisombululo sesinyathelo ngesinyathelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqonda okuphelele kwesihloko.

Lungela ukujula ezweni elihehayo lamamodeli e-athomu nokusebenzisa kwawo elabhorethri!

14. Izivivinyo zokuhlanganisa kanye nokwandiswa kolwazi kumamodeli e-athomu

Kulesi sigaba, sizokhuluma ngochungechunge lwezivivinyo eziklanyelwe ukuhlanganisa nokwandisa ulwazi lwakho lwamamodeli e-athomu. Lezi zivivinyo zizokusiza ukuthi uhlanganise lokho osekufundile kuze kube manje futhi uthole amandla amakhulu esifundweni.

Ukuqala, sincoma ukuthi ubuyekeze imiqondo eyinhloko ehlobene namamodeli e-athomu. Ungabheka amanothi akho, izincwadi zokufunda noma sesha ulwazi ku-inthanethi ukuze ube nesisekelo esiqinile ngaphambi kokuxazulula izivivinyo. Khumbula ukunaka imininingwane futhi uqonde ukuthi amamodeli ahlukene kanye nemibono ehlongozwayo kuyo yonke ihlobana kanjani. yomlando.

Uma usuzizwa ukhululekile ngezinto eziyisisekelo, ungaqala ukuxazulula izivivinyo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, siphakamisa ukuthi ulandele izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

1. Hlaziya isitatimende ngasinye ngokucophelela ukuze uqonde ukuthi yini ebuzwa kuwe.

2. Uma kunesidingo, buyekeza ithiyori ehlobene nomsebenzi ukuze ube nombono ocacile wendlela yokubhekana nayo.

3. Sebenzisa amathuluzi afana nemidwebo ye-Bohr, amamodeli anezinhlangothi ezintathu noma izifanisi ezibonakalayo ukuze ubone ngeso lengqondo kangcono futhi uqonde imiqondo.

4. Sebenzisa ulwazi olutholiwe ukuxazulula umsebenzi ngendlela ehlelekile nenengqondo. Uma kunesidingo, hlukanisa inkinga ibe yizinyathelo ezincane futhi uxazulule ngayinye ngokwehlukana.

5. Hlola impendulo yakho bese ubheka ukuthi iyahambisana nemibandela noma imikhawulo ebekwe kulo msebenzi. Uma kungenzeka, qhathanisa imiphumela yakho neyontanga yakho noma ubheke izixazululo zereferensi ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi usendleleni efanele.

Khumbula ukuthi lezi zivivinyo ziyithuba lokuzilolonga futhi ujulise ukuqonda kwakho amamodeli e-athomu. Ungangabazi ukusizakala ngazo zonke izinsiza ezikhona, kungaba ngokubonana nezinsiza zokufundisa, ukwenza izibonelo ezengeziwe, noma ukubamba iqhaza emaqenjini okufunda ukuze unothise ukufunda kwakho. Ngikufisela inhlanhla!

Kafushane, ukuvivinya umzimba kumamodeli e-athomu kuyithuluzi eliyisisekelo ekuqondeni nasekusetshenzisweni kwamamodeli ahlukene avele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. kuwo wonke umlando ukuchaza ukwakheka nokuziphatha kwama-athomu. Lezi zivivinyo zivumela abafundi ukuthi basebenzise ulwazi lwabo lwethiyori, baxazulule izinkinga futhi bakhiqize ukucabanga okujulile.

Kuso sonke lesi sihloko, sihlole izivivinyo ezihlukene kusukela kumodeli ye-Thomson kuya kumodeli ye-quantum, okuhlanganisa imodeli kaRutherford kanye nemodeli ye-Bohr. Sigqamise ukubaluleka kokuxazulula izinkinga nokusebenzisa ifomula efanele yemodeli ngayinye, kanye nekhono lokuhumusha imiphumela nokuthola iziphetho ezihambisanayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, sigcizelele isidingo sokuqonda izisekelo zetiyori zemodeli ngayinye nokuthi zithuthuke kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokuqinisa isisekelo solwazi lwabafundi, kodwa futhi kubavumela ukuba bajabulele ukuvela kwesayensi kanye nemvelo yokubambisana yenqubekelaphambili yesayensi.

Okubalulekile, ukuzivocavoca kwemodeli ye-athomu kunikeza abafundi ithuba lokuzijwayeza nokuthuthukisa amakhono abo ekusebenziseni amafomula, ukuhlaziya idatha ngokujulile, nokuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lawa makhono abalulekile emikhakheni efana nekhemistri, i-physics kanye nobunjiniyela, lapho ukuqonda nokusebenzisa amamodeli e-athomu kubaluleke kakhulu.

Sengiphetha, ukuvivinya umzimba kumamodeli e-athomu kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuqeqeshweni kwezemfundo kwabafundi, ukukhuthaza ukufunda okusebenzayo nokuxazulula izinkinga. Ucwaningo lwayo luvumela ukuqonda kangcono intuthuko yesayensi nokusebenzisa kwayo emikhakheni eyahlukene. Ngokufunda kahle amamodeli e-athomu ahlukene kanye nesinqumo sawo sokuzivocavoca, abafundi bathuthukisa amakhono ayisisekelo ekusasa labo lezemfundo nelomsebenzi.