I-Cell Wall iyisici se

La udonga lwamaselula Kuyisici esiyisisekelo esikhona ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kusukela kumagciwane kuya ezitshalweni kanye nesikhunta. Lesi sakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sidlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikelweni kwamangqamuzana, ukusekela, nokuxhumana, ukunikeza ukuzinza nokuqina kwamangqamuzana. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola udonga lwamaseli ngokuningiliziwe kanye nokubaluleka kwalo ezintweni eziphilayo ezihlukene, sihlaziya izingxenye zalo, imisebenzi, kanye nokuhambisana nomkhakha webhayoloji. Lokhu kuhlaziya kobuchwepheshe nokungathathi hlangothi kuzovumela ukuqonda kangcono uhlobo lwalesi sici esibalulekile esichaza ukwakheka nokusebenza kwalezi zinto eziphilayo.

I-Cell Wall iyisici:

Udonga lwamaseli Kuyingxenye ebalulekile yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo anazo Isakhiwo seseli kuchaziwe. Lesi sici sikhona ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kusukela kubhaktheriya nolwelwe kuya ezitshalweni kanye nesikhunta. Udonga lwamaseli lusebenza njengongqimba olwengeziwe oluvikelayo oluzungeze ulwelwesi lwe-plasma, lunikeza ukusekelwa kwesakhiwo nokuvikela ezimweni ezimbi zemvelo.

Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu yodonga Ukwakheka okuyingqayizivele kodonga lwamaseli ukwakheka kwalo. Yakhiwa ngokuyinhloko ama-polysaccharides, njenge-cellulose ezitshalweni kanye ne-chitin kusikhunta, okuyinikeza amandla nokuqina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, udonga lwamaseli lungaqukatha ezinye izakhi ezinjengamaprotheni, lipids, nezinto ezinkulu, kuye ngokuthi umzimba unjani.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wodonga lwamaseli ukuhlinzeka ngokusekela kwesakhiwo kuseli futhi uyivikele ekucindezelekeni kwemishini kanye nokuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi. Isebenza futhi njengesivikelo esivikela amagciwane kanye nama-agent angaphandle. Amagciwane, isibonelo, anodonga lwamaseli olwakhiwe i-polymer ye-peptidoglycan, ehlinzeka ngesimo nokuvikelwa emonakalweni wangaphandle. Ezitshalweni, udonga lwamaseli lubalulekile ekugcineni ukuqina nokuma kwezicubu, kanye nokubamba iqhaza ekuxhumaneni kwamaselula kanye nokuthutha izakhi.

- Ukwakheka kanye nokwakheka kodonga lwamaseli ezintweni zezitshalo namagciwane

Ukwakheka kanye nokwakheka kodonga lwamaseli ezinto eziphilayo zezitshalo namagciwane

Udonga lwamangqamuzana luyisakhiwo esiyinhloko kuzo zombili izitshalo nezilwane ezibangelwa amagciwane, oluhlinzeka ngokusekela nokuvikela amaseli. Nakuba umsebenzi wayo ufana kuwo womabili amaqembu, kunomehluko omkhulu ekubunjweni nasekubunjweni kwayo.

Ezintweni eziphilayo zezitshalo, udonga lwamaseli luqukethe ngokuyinhloko i-cellulose, i-molecule ye-carbohydrate eyakha inethiwekhi enezinhlangothi ezintathu. Le nethiwekhi ye-cellulose inikeza ukuqina namandla, okuvumela amangqamuzana ezitshalo ukuthi alondoloze ukuma kwawo futhi amelane nokucindezela kwamanzi ngaphakathi. Ngaphezu kwe-cellulose, plant cell wall Futhi iqukethe ezinye izingxenye, ezifana ne-hemicelluloses, i-pectin ne-lignin, enikeza izici ezithile, njengokuguquguquka nokumelana nokubola.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuma-bacterium, udonga lweseli lwakhiwe ngokuyinhloko i-peptidoglycan, isakhiwo esakhiwe ngamaketanga ama-amino acid noshukela. I-Peptidoglycan inikeza ukuqina kubhaktheriya futhi ibasiza ukuthi bamelane nengcindezi ye-osmotic. Ngokungeziwe ku-peptidoglycan, amanye amagciwane angase abe nongqimba lwangaphandle olubizwa ngokuthi i-capsule, olwakhiwe ama-polysaccharides, olunikeza ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe ezicini zangaphandle, njengamasosha omzimba womsingathi noma i-desiccation.

- Ukubaluleka kodonga lwamaseli ekuvikelekeni kwamaseli kanye nokumelana

Udonga lwamaseli luyisakhiwo esibalulekile sokuvikela nokumelana namaseli ezintweni eziphilayo. Lesi singqimba sangaphandle sitholakala ezitshalweni, isikhunta, namagciwane, futhi senza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene. imisebenzi esemqoka ukusebenza kweseli nokuphila. Ngezansi kunamaphuzu amathathu avelele okubaluleka yodonga lwamaseli ekuvikelweni nasekuphikisweni kwamaseli.

1 Ukuvikelwa kubahlaseli bangaphandle: Udonga lwamaseli lusebenza njengesithiyo esingokomzimba esivikela amangqamuzana emonakalweni wemishini kanye nokuchayeka kumagciwane angaphandle. Ngokwesibonelo, ezitshalweni, udonga lwamangqamuzana luvimbela ama-microorganisms ahlaselayo ukuba angangeni ezicutshini zangaphakathi, ngaleyo ndlela anciphise ingozi yokutheleleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, udonga lwamaseli luyakwazi futhi ukubona nokusabela ebukhoneni bamagciwane ngokudala izimpendulo zokuzivikela.

2. Ukugcina ukwakheka kweseli nesakhiwo: Udonga lwamaseli lunikela ekubunjweni nasekuqineni kwamaseli ngokunikeza ukwesekwa kwesakhiwo. Lesi singqimba sangaphandle sivimbela amaseli ukuthi angawi ngaphansi kwamandla angaphandle futhi agcine isimo sawo esiyisici. Ezitshalweni, isibonelo, udonga lwamangqamuzana lugcina iziqu namaqabunga aqondile futhi avimbele ukuba zichotshozwe kalula noma zikhubazeke. Udonga lwamaseli nawo ludlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondiseni ukukhula kwamangqamuzana nokuhlela izicubu.

3. Ukumelana nezimo ezimbi: Udonga lwamangqamuzana lunikeza amangqamuzana ukumelana kakhulu nezimo zemvelo ezimbi kakhulu, njengamazinga okushisa aphezulu, isomiso, noma usawoti. Lesi singqimba sangaphandle sisebenza njengesithiyo esivikelayo esiza ukuvimbela ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni kanye nokulimala kwamangqamuzana okubangelwa izinguquko kungazelelwe endaweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, udonga lwamaseli luphinde lube nomthelela emandleni eseli okumelana nokucindezela kwe-osmotic, ukuwavimbela ekuvuvukeni noma ukuwa ngenxa yoshintsho ekugxilweni kwe-solute.

- Imisebenzi yebhayoloji yodonga lwamaseli ezinto eziphilayo ezahlukahlukene

Udonga lwamaseli luyisakhiwo esibalulekile esitholakala ezintweni eziphilayo ezihlukene, esenza imisebenzi ehlukene yezinto eziphilayo. Nakuba ukwakheka kwayo kungase kuhluke, injongo yayo enkulu ukunikeza ukwesekwa nokuvikelwa kumaseli. Imisebenzi yebhayoloji eyenziwa yilesi sakhiwo ezintweni ezihlukene ichazwe ngezansi:

Amagciwane:

• Ukuvikelwa ekuphelelweni amanzi emzimbeni kanye nezinguquko ze-osmotic.
• Igcina ukwakheka kweseli nesakhiwo.
• Inikeza ukumelana komshini ngokumelene nokucindezela kwangaphandle.
• Ukuhlukaniswa nokuvikela ngokumelene nobuthi nama-enzyme.
• Iphoyinti lokunamathisela le-flagella nezakhiwo ze-pili.

Amakhowe:

• Inikeza ukumelana nemishini kanye nokuvikela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye kanye namagciwane.
• Ilawula ukumuncwa kwemisoco namanzi.
• Ibamba iqhaza ekukhiqizeni kabusha kanye nokwakhiwa kwezinhlamvu.
• Isebenza njengesithiyo ngokumelene nokucindezeleka ngokomzimba namakhemikhali.
• Idlala indima ebalulekile ku-pathogenicity yezinye isikhunta.

Izitezi:

• Ihlinzeka ngokusekela kwesakhiwo esitshalweni.
• Ilawula ukudlula kwamanzi nezakhamzimba ukungena nokuphuma kumaseli.
• Ibamba iqhaza ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwamaseli.
• Inikeza isivikelo ekuthelelekeni nasekucindezelekeni kwemishini.
• Inomthelela ekuxhumaneni kwamaselula kanye nombono wamasignali.

– Iqhaza lodonga lwamaseli ekulawuleni ukuma nokukhula kwamaseli

Udonga lwamaseli luyisakhiwo esibalulekile kumaseli ezitshalo adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukuma nokukhula kwamaseli. Lesi sakhiwo esiqinile, esivumelana nezimo sakhiwe ikakhulukazi i-cellulose, i-hemicellulose, ne-lignin, ehlinzeka ngokusekela ngomshini nokuvikela ingqamuzana ekucindezelekeni ngokomzimba nangokwemvelo.

Enye yezindima ezibaluleke kakhulu zodonga lwamaseli ukubamba iqhaza kwayo ekunqumeni i- ukuma kweseli. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kodonga lweseli kanye nolwelwesi lwe-plasma, kanye nengcindezi yangaphakathi ye-osmotic yeseli, kunomthelela ekwakhiweni nasekugcinweni kokuma kweseli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka nokusatshalaliswa kwezingxenye zodonga lwamaseli, kanye nokuhlangana phakathi kwamaseli aseduze, nakho kunomthelela ekubunjweni kweseli kanye nekhono layo lokukhula.

Akukhona nje ukuma, kodwa futhi ukukhula kwamaseli kuthonywa ngokuqondile udonga lwamaseli. Ukwelulwa kwamangqamuzana, okubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni nasekukhuleni kwezitshalo, kwenziwa kube nokwenzeka ngokunwetshwa okulawulwayo kodonga lwamaseli. Ukuhlanganiswa kanye nokubekwa kwezingxenye ezintsha odongeni isakhiwo samangqamuzana, kanye ne-plasticity yayo, kuvumela ukunwetshwa kwamaseli nokwanda. Lezi zinqubo zilawulwa ngokuqinile ama-enzyme kanye nezici zokuloba ezilawula ukuhlanganiswa kanye nokuwohloka kwezingxenye zodonga lwamaseli.

- Ukusebenzisana phakathi kodonga lweseli nendawo yalo yangaphandle

Udonga lwamaseli luyisakhiwo esiqinile esizungeza futhi sivikele ulwelwesi lwe-plasma lwamaseli ezitshalo namanye amagciwane. Lesi singqimba sangaphandle sidlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzelaneni kwengqamuzana nendawo yalo yangaphandle, idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuleni, ekuthuthukisweni nasekuvikeleni amagciwane.

Enye yezingxenye eziyinhloko zodonga lweseli i-cellulose, i-polysaccharide eyakha inethiwekhi enezinhlangothi ezintathu zemicu emincane. Lesi sakhiwo sinikeza amandla emishini kanye nokuqina kwengqamuzana, okusivumela ukuthi sigcine isimo saso futhi sisekele ukukhula kwesitshalo. Ngaphezu kwe-cellulose, udonga lwamaseli luqukethe ezinye izingxenye ezifana ne-hemicellulose, i-lignin, namaprotheni esakhiwo afaka isandla emsebenzini wawo wokuvikela.

Ukusebenzisana phakathi kodonga lwamaseli kanye nemvelo yangaphandle kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo. Isibonelo, ukushintshaniswa kwamanzi nezakhi zomzimba kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa ama-pores kanye nemigudu odongeni lwamaseli. Ngokufanayo, ukuxhumana phakathi kwamangqamuzana angomakhelwane kanye nokusabela ekushukunyisweni kwemvelo kwenziwa amasignali amangqamuzana awela udonga. Lokhu kusebenzisana kuhlanganisa nokusabela kweseli ebukhoneni bamagciwane, lapho udonga lweseli ludlala indima ebonakalayo ekutholeni nasekuphenduleni amasosha omzimba ekuhlaselweni okungaba khona.

- Izindlela zokuhlanganisa kanye nokuwohloka kodonga lwamaseli

Ezakhiweni ze-eukaryotic, udonga lwamaseli ludlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni nasekuhleleni amaseli. Izindlela zokwenziwa kodonga lwamaseli nokuwohloka zilawulwa kakhulu futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukwakhiwa kodonga lwamaseli kwenziwa ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-biosynthesis. Le nqubo ihilela ukukhiqizwa nokuhlanganisa izingxenye ezahlukene ezakha udonga lwamaseli, njenge-polysaccharides, amaprotheni, nama-glycoprotein. Ngochungechunge lokusabela kwe-enzymatic, ama-monomers angawodwana ahlanganiswa ukuze akhe ama-molecule odonga lwamaseli. La ma- molecule abe esehlela futhi ahlangane abe isakhiwo esinezinhlangothi ezintathu, anikeze ukuqina namandla engqamuzaneni.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukucekelwa phansi kodonga umakhalekhukhwini kuyinqubo kubalulekile ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukeni kwezinto eziphilayo. Le nqubo ilawulwa ama-enzyme aziwa ngokuthi ama-enzyme e-cell degradative. Lawa ma-enzyme anesibopho sokudiliza izingxenye zodonga lwamaseli zibe ama-monomer awo ngamanye, angasetshenziswa kabusha ukuhlanganiswa kwama-molecule amasha. Ukuwohloka kodonga lwamaseli nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulungisweni kabusha kwezicubu ngesikhathi sokukhula nokulungiswa komonakalo.

- Ithonya lezici zemvelo ekwakhekeni nezici zodonga lwamaseli

Ithonya lezici zemvelo ekwakhekeni nezici zodonga lwamaseli

Udonga lwamaseli luyisakhiwo esibalulekile kumaseli ezitshalo ahlinzeka ngokusekela nokuvikela. Nokho, ukwakheka nezici zayo kungathonywa kakhulu izici zemvelo. Ngezansi ezinye zezinto eziyinhloko ezithinta udonga lwamaseli:

• Ithempelesha: Izinga lokushisa lidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni nasekubunjweni kodonga lwamaseli. Amazinga okushisa aphansi angathinta kabi ukuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye ezifana ne-cellulose ne-pectin, okuholela ekwehleni kwamandla odonga lweseli nokuqina. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amazinga okushisa aphezulu angasheshisa ukuwohloka kodonga lwamaseli, onakalise ubuqotho nokusebenza kwawo.
• Izakhamzimba: Ukutholakala komsoco nakho kunomthelela ekwakhekeni kodonga lwamaseli. Izakhi ezibalulekile njenge-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, ne-potassium zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlanganiseni izingxenye zesakhiwo sodonga lwamaseli. Ukuntuleka kwalezi zakhi kungathinta ukunwebeka namandla odonga lwamangqamuzana, kwenze isitshalo sibe buthaka futhi sihlaselwe kalula yizifo.
• Izici ze-Biotic: Izinto eziphilayo, njengokusebenzelana nezinye izinto eziphilayo, nazo zingathonya ukwakheka kwezindonga zamangqamuzana nezici. Isibonelo, ukuba khona kwamagciwane kungabangela izimpendulo zokuzivikela esitshalweni, okuholela ekushintsheni kokwakheka kodonga lwamaseli ukuqinisa ukumelana nokuhlasela. Ngokufanayo, izilwane ezidla uhlaza zingavusa ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlanganisela zokuzivikela odongeni lweseli ukuze kunqandwe ukusetshenziswa kwazo.

Sengiphetha, izici zemvelo ezifana nezinga lokushisa, ukutholakala kwezakhi, nokusebenzisana nezinye izinto eziphilayo kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ekwakhekeni kwezindonga zamangqamuzana nezici. Ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zici ziluthinta kanjani udonga lwamaseli kusisiza ukuthi sithole isithombe esiphelele sokuthi izitshalo zibhekana kanjani nezimo ezizungezile, futhi kungase kube ukhiye wokuthuthukisa amasu okuzalanisa nokukhiqiza izitshalo ezikwazi ukumelana nezimo nezisebenza kahle.

- Ukulungiswa kwezindonga zamaseli ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo ze-agronomic

Ukulungiswa kodonga lwamaseli kuye kwavela njengesu elithembisayo lokuthuthukisa izakhiwo ze-agronomic zezitshalo. Lezi zinguquko ziqinisa ukwakheka kodonga lwamaseli, okufaka isandla ekumelaneni nezitshalo okukhulu ezifweni kanye nezimo ezimbi zemvelo.

Enye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokuguqula udonga lwamaseli ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo. Ngokusebenzisa le nqubo, kungase kwethulwe izakhi zofuzo ezihlanganisa ama-enzyme abhekele ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlanganisela ezibalulekile ekwakhekeni kodonga lwamaseli. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka, isibonelo, ukwandisa inani le-lignin, i-polymer enikeza ukuqina kumaseli ezitshalo futhi ingathuthukisa amandla okucindezela.

Enye indlela yokuguqula udonga lwamaseli iwukusebenzisa izakhi zofuzo ezilawula i-biosynthesis kanye nokuwohloka kwama-polysaccharides, njenge-cellulose ne-hemicellulose. Ngokwandisa ingxenye yalezi zinhlanganisela odongeni lweseli, isivuno esiphezulu ekukhiqizweni kwe-biomass kanye nokwenza ngcono ukugayeka kokudla kwesitofu kungatholakala, okungase kusetshenziswe njenge-substrate yokukhiqiza i-bioenergy.

- Izicelo ze-biotechnological zokukhohlisa udonga lwamaseli

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-biotechnological yokukhohlisa udonga lwamaseli kubanzi futhi kuyathembisa. Ikhono lokushintsha nokulawula lesi sakhiwo esibalulekile ezintweni eziphilayo sinikeza amathuba amaningi okuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo emisha nezinqubo emikhakheni eyahlukene. Ezinye zezicelo ezifanele kakhulu zethulwa ngezansi:

Ukwenza ngcono ukukhiqizwa kwe-biomass: Ukuxhaphaza udonga lwamaseli ezintweni zezitshalo kungakhuphula ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwe-biomass, okuwusizo ikakhulukazi ezimbonini zezolimo kanye ne-bioenergy. Ngamasu anjengobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, kungenzeka ukuthuthukisa izici zesakhiwo sodonga lwamaseli, njengokuqina kwalo noma ukuvuthwa, okuvumela ukukhula okukhulu nokuqoqwa kwezinto eziphilayo.

Ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yemithi: Ukukhwabanisa kwezindonga zamaseli nakho kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni imithi neminye imikhiqizo yemithi. Ngokushintsha izingxenye zesakhiwo sodonga lwamaseli ezintweni ezinjengamabhaktheriya noma imvubelo, kungenzeka ukuthi kubangele ukubonakaliswa kwamaprotheni okwelapha, njengama-antibodies noma ama-enzyme, angasetshenziswa ukwelapha izifo ezihlukahlukene.

I-Biodegradation ye-polluting compounds: Ukuxhashazwa kodonga lwamaseli kuma-microorganisms kunamandla amakhulu okucekelwa phansi kwezinto ezihlanganisa ukungcola. Ukwethulwa kwama-enzyme athile ezindongeni zamaseli ebhaktheriya noma isikhunta kungathuthukisa ikhono lawo lokucekela phansi ukungcola kwamakhemikhali enhlabathini noma emanzini, okuvumela ukulungiswa kwemvelo okuphumelelayo nokuqhubekayo.

- Intuthuko yakamuva ocwaningweni lwama-cell wall

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwenziwa inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile ocwaningweni odongeni lwamangqamuzana, isakhiwo esibalulekile esikhona kumaseli wezitshalo namabhaktheriya. Lokhu kuthuthuka kunikeze ukuqonda okwengeziwe komsebenzi nokubunjwa kodonga lwamaseli, kanye nendima yalo ezinqubweni ezibalulekile zebhayoloji.

Enye yentuthuko ephawuleka kakhulu ukukhonjwa kwezingxenye ezintsha ezakha udonga lwamaseli. Besebenzisa amasu okulandelana kwesizukulwane esilandelayo, abacwaningi bathole inqwaba yamaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, nama-lipids afaka isandla ekwakhiweni nasekusebenzeni kodonga lwamaseli. Lokhu okutholakele okusha kuye kwasivumela ukuba sijule ekujuleni kwalesi sakhiwo kanye nokubaluleka kwaso ekumelana namagciwane kanye nezisusa zemvelo.

Enye intuthuko ebalulekile kube ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu amasha okutadisha amandla odonga lwamaseli. I-Super-resolution microscopy kanye ne-atomic force microscopy yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukubona ngeso lengqondo, ezingeni le-nanometer, inhlangano kanye nezinguquko odongeni lwamaseli ngesikhathi sokukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwamaseli. Lawa maqhinga embule amaphethini wokusatshalaliswa kwengxenye nokusebenzisana nezinye izakhiwo zamaselula, anikeze umbono ophelele kakhudlwana womsebenzi wodonga lwamaseli ezimeni ezihlukahlukene zebhayoloji.

Kafushane, inqubekelaphambili yakamuva ocwaningweni lwezindonga zamangqamuzana ivule imibono emisha ekuqondeni kwethu lesi sakhiwo esibalulekile esitshalweni nakumabhaktheriya. Ukuhlonzwa kwezingxenye ezintsha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamasu okubona ngeso lengqondo anokulungiswa okuphezulu kuye kwasivumela ukuba sihlole inkimbinkimbi kanye namandla okuguquguquka kodonga lwamaseli, okuhlinzeka ngolwazi oluyisisekelo lokuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa kwe-biotechnology kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo esikhathini esizayo.

– Ukuqonda ukwakheka kodonga lwamaseli kanye nomsebenzi wokwakhiwa kwemithi emisha

Udonga lwamaseli luyisakhiwo esiyisisekelo esitholakala kumagciwane, isikhunta, izitshalo, nolwelwe. Ukuqonda ukwakheka nokusebenza kwawo kubalulekile ekusungulweni kwemithi emisha engalwa nezifo ezibangelwa yilezi zinambuzane.

Udonga lwamaseli lusebenza njengesithiyo esivikelayo esinikeza ukuqina nokusekelwa kumaseli. Yakhiwa ikakhulukazi ama-polysaccharides, amaprotheni nama-lipids, ahlelwe ngezindlela ezithile ukuze anikeze izakhiwo ezihlukene odongeni lwamaseli.

Ngokuqonda ukwakheka nokusebenza kodonga lweseli, ososayensi bangaklama izidakamizwa eziphazamisa izinqubo ezibalulekile kumagciwane, njengokwakheka kodonga lweseli noma ukuxhumana kweseli kuya kumaseli. Lokhu kuqonda futhi kubavumela ukuthi bakhombe izinhloso ezintsha zokwelapha futhi bathuthukise amasu okuvimbela ukumelana nama-antibiotic. Kafushane, ukufunda ngodonga lwamaseli kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokwenza imithi emisha esebenzayo futhi ephephile.

- Imibono yesikhathi esizayo mayelana nokukhohlisa nokusetshenziswa kodonga lwamaseli

Ukuxhaphaza udonga lwamaseli kanye nokuxhashazwa kuyinkambu evela njalo ethembisa ukuvula iminyango emisha ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zocwaningo. Njengoba ukuqonda kwethu ukwakheka kodonga lwamaseli kwanda, kanjalo nekhono lethu lokulilungisa nokulisebenzisa ngezindlela ezintsha. Ngezansi amanye amathemba esikhathi esizayo angase aguqule umkhakha wokukhohlisa kodonga lwamaseli:

1. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezintsha kanye ne-bioplastics: Udonga lwamaseli esitshalo luwumthombo obalulekile wezinto ezivuselelekayo, njenge-cellulose. Ngokuzayo, intuthuko ekwenziweni kodonga lwamaseli kulindeleke ukuthi inikeze amandla ukukhiqizwa okusebenzayo kwe-bioplastics nezinye izinto ezisimeme. Lezi zinto ezintsha zingase zibe nezinhlelo zokusebenza ekupakishweni, kwezokwelapha, kanye nobunjiniyela, ukunciphisa ukuthembela kwethu kumithombo yezinto ezimbiwa phansi futhi kwehlise umthelela wethu kwezemvelo.

2. Ukugayeka kokudla okuthuthukisiwe: Udonga lwamaseli wokudla lunesibopho sokumelana nokugayeka kokudla kanye nokukhishwa kwamandla kancane. Esikhathini esizayo, singase sikwazi ukuxhaphaza udonga lwamaseli wokudla ukuze sithuthukise ukugayeka kokudla, ngaleyo ndlela sikhulise ukutholakala kwezakhi. Lokhu kungaba yinzuzo ikakhulukazi kubantu abanezinkinga zokugaya ukudla noma abadinga ukudla okunomsoco, njengabasubathi.

3. Ukumodela udonga lwamaseli ukuze kufundwe izifo: Ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo nokwakheka kodonga lwamaseli kuhlotshaniswa nezifo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi umdlavuza kanye nezifo ze-neurodeergenerative. Ngokuzayo, singasebenzisa amasu okukhohlisa udonga lwamaseli. ukwakha amamodeli anezinhlangothi ezintathu ezilingisa lezi zifo. Lokhu kuzosivumela ukuthi sifunde izindlela eziyisisekelo futhi sithuthukise izindlela zokwelapha ezisebenza kahle zokulwa nazo.

- Izincomo zocwaningo nokuhlaziywa kodonga lwamaseli ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene

Ukucwaninga nokuhlaziywa kodonga lwamaseli kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni ukwakheka nokusebenza kwamaseli ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo. Ngezansi kukhona izincomo zokwenza lolu cwaningo. ngempumelelo:

1. Ukukhethwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane: Kubalulekile ukukhetha ngokucophelela uhlobo oluzophenywa, njengoba ukwakheka kodonga lwamaseli nokwakheka kungahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezihlukene. Kutuswa ukukhetha kokubili izinhlobo zezitshalo nezamagciwane noma zesikhunta ukuze uthole umbono obanzi.

2. Ukulungiselela isampula: Ngaphambi kokwenza ukuhlaziya, amasampula kufanele alungiselelwe kahle. Lokhu kubandakanya ukususa ukungcola, ukuchoboza noma ukuhlakaza iseli, nokuhlukanisa udonga lweseli kwezinye izingxenye zeselula. Amasu afana ne-microscopy, i-centrifugation, kanye nokwelashwa kwe-enzymatic kungaba yinzuzo kule nqubo.

3. Amasu okuhlaziya: Kunezindlela nezindlela ezehlukene zokuhlaziya ukwakheka nokwakheka kodonga lwamaseli. Ezinye zazo zihlanganisa i-spectroscopy, i-chromatography, i-electron microscopy kanye nokulandelana kwe-DNA. Kutuswa ukuhlanganisa amasu ahlukene ukuze uthole imiphumela enembe kakhudlwana futhi ephelele.

– Ukubaluleka kokuqonda udonga lwamaseli ukuze kuthuthukiswe ezolimo ezisimeme

Ukuqonda udonga lwamaseli kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezolimo ezisimeme. Lesi sakhiwo esikhona kumaseli ezitshalo sidlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni, ekumelaneni nasekulawuleni izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zebhayoloji ezitshalweni. Ukuqonda ukwakheka nokusebenza kwayo kusivumela ukuthi sakhe amasu asebenza kahle kakhulu futhi angangeni endaweni ezungezile. imvelo ukuze kulinywe ukudla kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezolimo.

Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu odongeni lwamaseli yikhono layo lokuhlinzeka ngokusekela nokuqina ezitshalweni. Lesi sakhiwo sakhiwe ngokuyinhloko nge-cellulose, i-hemicellulose, ne-lignin, esinika amandla akhethekile okusebenza. Ukuqonda okuningiliziwe kwezakhiwo zomzimba namakhemikhali zalezi zingxenye kusivumela ukuba siklame amasu okulima nokuphatha avimbela ukuwohloka kodonga lwamaseli futhi akhuthaze impilo yezitshalo.

Elinye iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi udonga lwamaseli ludlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni izitshalo ngokumelene namagciwane kanye nokucindezeleka kwemvelo. Ngezingxenye ezihlukene, njengamaprotheni abopha i-chitin nama-cell wall glycoprotein, izitshalo zingakwazi ukubona ukuba khona kwama-ejenti ayingozi futhi zisebenzisa izindlela zokuzivikela. Ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zinqubo zisebenza kanjani ezingeni lamangqamuzana kusivumela ukuthi sithuthukise amasu okuphatha kanye nokukhetha izakhi zofuzo ukuze sithole izitshalo ezimelana kakhulu nezinempilo.

Q&A

Umbuzo: Luyini udonga lwamaseli futhi yini umsebenzi walo oyinhloko?
Impendulo: Udonga lwamangqamuzana luwungqimba oluqinile oluzungeze ulwelwesi lwe-plasma lwamangqamuzana ezitshalo, isikhunta, amagciwane, nabanye abadwebi. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukunikeza ukwesekwa kwesakhiwo nokuvikela iseli.

Umbuzo: Luyini ukwakheka kodonga lwamaseli?
Impendulo: Udonga lwamaseli lwakhiwe ngokuyinhloko nge-cellulose, into ene-fibrous enikeza ukuqina namandla. Ngaphezu kwe-cellulose, ezinye izingxenye ezifana ne-hemicellulose, i-lignin, i-pectin, namaprotheni zingatholakala.

Umbuzo: Uyini umehluko phakathi kodonga lwamaseli ezitshalo namaseli ezilwane?
Impendulo: Umehluko omkhulu ukuthi amangqamuzana ezilwane awanalo udonga lwamaseli, kanti amaseli ezitshalo analo. Udonga lwamangqamuzana ezitshalo luqinile kakhulu futhi lukhulu, lunikeza amandla amakhulu nokusekelwa kwengqamuzana.

Umbuzo: Yimiphi imisebenzi eyengeziwe yodonga lwamaseli kumaseli ezitshalo?
Impendulo: Ngaphezu kokuhlinzeka ngokusekela, udonga lwamaseli emangqamuzaneni ezitshalo luvumela ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo ezifanele ngokumelana nokucindezela kwangaphakathi okukhiqizwa yi-cell turgor. Isebenza futhi njengesivikelo esivikela amagciwane futhi inomthelela ekulawuleni ukugeleza kwamanzi nezakhamzimba.

Umbuzo: Lubaluleke kangakanani udonga lwamaseli kusikhunta namagciwane?
Impendulo: Udonga lwamaseli kusikhunta namagciwane lwenza imisebenzi efana neyamaseli ezitshalo. Inikeza ukwesekwa kwesakhiwo, isivikelo endaweni yangaphandle, futhi ifake isandla ekuvikelekeni kuma-pathogens. Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka kodonga lwamaseli kungahluka phakathi kwesikhunta namagciwane.

Umbuzo: Yimiphi imiphumela engenzeka uma udonga lwamaseli lonakele noma lungekho?
Impendulo: Emangqamuzaneni ezitshalo, ukuntuleka kodonga olufanele lwamaseli kungaholela ekulimazeni kwezitshalo, ukulahlekelwa ukuqina, nokwanda kobungozi bokuhlaselwa kwe-pathogenic. Kusikhunta namabhaktheriya, ukungabikho kodonga lweseli kungathinta ubuqotho nokusebenza kwawo, okuholela ekungakwazini ukukhula noma ukuvikelwa okungasebenzi kahle endaweni ezungezile.

Umbuzo: Ingabe kukhona umehluko ekwakhekeni kodonga lwamaseli phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo, isikhunta, noma amagciwane?
Impendulo:⁢ Yebo, kukhona ukuhluka kwesakhiwo sodonga lwamaseli phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene ⁢zezitshalo, isikhunta, namagciwane. Lokhu kwehluka kungase kuhlobane nezidingo ezithize⁢ zento ngayinye ephilayo kanye nokuzivumelanisa nokuziphendukela kwemvelo eziye zathuthuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Umbuzo: ⁢Imaphi amasu asetshenziswa ukutadisha udonga lwamaseli?
Impendulo: Amasu ahlukahlukene asetshenziswa ukutadisha udonga lwamaseli, njenge-microscopy yokukhanya noma ye-electron, amasu okufaka amabala, nokuhlolwa kokuwohloka kwe-enzymatic, phakathi kokunye. Lawa masu avumela ukwakheka nokwakheka kodonga lwamaseli ukuba kubonakale, kuphawulwe, futhi kuhlaziywe ezintweni eziphilayo ezihlukene.

Imibono neziphetho

Sengiphetha, udonga lwamangqamuzana luyisici esiyisisekelo ezintweni eziphilayo ezihlukene, kusukela kumagciwane kuya ezitshalweni. Lesi sakhiwo esiqinile nesiqinile sinikeza ukwesekwa kwesakhiwo, isivikelo ekuhlaseleni kwangaphandle futhi sisebenza njengesithiyo esingenakunyakaziswa ekudluleni kwemisoco kanye nemfucuza. Ukubunjwa kwayo kuyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi umzimba, kodwa njalo yenziwe nge-matrix ye-polysaccharides, amaprotheni nezinye izinhlanganisela ezinikeza izici zayo zomzimba namakhemikhali.

Udonga lwamaseli lubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle nasekuphileni kwezinto eziphilayo ezinawo. Ukungabikho noma ukuguqulwa kwalesi sakhiwo kungaholela emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu ephilayo, kuphazamise ubuqotho bayo besakhiwo kanye nekhono layo lokusabela ezicini ezingezinhle zemvelo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho imisebenzi yayo ​okuyisisekelo, udonga lwamaseli luphinde lubambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekusebenzelaneni kwezinto eziphilayo nendawo yazo ezungezile nasekusungulweni kobudlelwano be-symbiotic. Lesi sendlalelo sangaphandle kungaba usizo njengendawo yokuqaphela yokuxhumana phakathi kwamaseli, ukunamathela endaweni engaphezulu, noma ukuxhumana nezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Ngamafuphi, udonga lwamaseli luyingxenye ebalulekile ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, futhi ukulufunda kusisiza siqonde kangcono ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zizivumelanisa kanjani futhi ziphile endaweni yazo. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kulo mkhakha lungase lunikeze ulwazi olubalulekile lokuthuthukisa amasu amasha kanye nokusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezifana ne-biotechnology, imithi, kanye nezolimo.