Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngalolu chungechunge oluyindida lokusabela kwamakhemikhali e-biochemical, amaseli athola amandla ngempumelelo ukufeza imisebenzi yayo i-metabolic. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe le nqubo eziphilayo, kusukela ezingxenyeni zayo kuya ezigabeni zayo ezibalulekile, ngenhloso yokuqonda ngokujulile ukuthi ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana kwenzeka kanjani nokuthi kuyini ukubaluleka kwakho ekusindeni kwezinto eziphilayo.
Isingeniso Sokuphefumula Kweselula: Ukubheka Ngemininingwane Yenqubo Yebhayoloji
Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo ebalulekile yebhayoloji lapho amangqamuzana ethola khona amandla kushukela nezinye izinhlanganisela eziphilayo Kuwuchungechunge lokuhlangana kwamakhemikhali okuyinkimbinkimbi okwenzeka kuma-organelles akhethekile abizwa ngokuthi i-mitochondria. Nakuba le nqubo ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo, ibaluleke kakhulu ezintweni eziphilayo ezi-aerobic, lezo ezidinga umoya-mpilo ukuze ziphile.
Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuhlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-glycolysis, umjikelezo we-Krebs kanye ne-oxidative phosphorylation. Ku-glycolysis, i-glucose ihlukaniswa ibe ama-molecule amancane abizwa ngokuthi ama-pyruvates, akhiqize inani elincane lamandla ngesimo se-ATP. Umjikelezo we-Krebs uyaqhubeka ukuwohloka kwamapyruvate, ukhulula amandla engeziwe futhi ukhiqize izinhlanganisela ezifana ne-NADH kanye ne-FADH2 ezothwala ama-electron aze afike esigabeni sokugcina. I-phosphorylation ye-oxidative yenzeka olwelwesini lwangaphakathi lwe-mitochondria y luwukugcina. isigaba sokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana. Lapha, ama-electron athwalwa yi-NADH ne-FADH2 asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza inani elikhulu le-ATP ngenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ebizwa nge-electron transport chain.
Ukuphefumula kweselula kuyinqubo esebenza kahle kakhulu evumela izinto eziphilayo ukuthi zithole amandla njalo. Ngaphezu kwe-glycolysis, umjikelezo we-Krebs kanye ne-oxidative phosphorylation, kukhona nezinye izinqubo ze-metabolic ezingaba nomthelela ekukhiqizeni amandla, njengokuvutshelwa ngaphansi kwezimo ze-anaerobic. Ukuqonda ukuphefumula kwamaselula ngokuningiliziwe kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zithola kanjani amandla adingekayo ukuze zenze imisebenzi yazo ebalulekile futhi kuyindawo ebalulekile yokutadisha kubhayoloji.
Umjikelezo we-Krebs: injini eyinhloko yokuphefumula kwamaselula
Umjikelezo we-Krebs, owaziwa nangokuthi umjikelezo we-citric acid noma umjikelezo we-tricarboxylic acid, uchungechunge lokusabela kwe-biochemical okwenzeka ngaphakathi kwe-mitochondria, okubhekwa njengenjini eyinhloko yokuphefumula kwamaselula. Lo mjikelezo, owatholwa nguHans Krebs ngo-1937, ubaluleke kakhulu ekutholeni amandla ngendlela ye-adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Umjikelezo we-Krebs uqala nge-molecule ye-acetyl-CoA, ekhiqizwa ekuwohlokeni kwama-carbohydrate, lipids, namaprotheni. Le molekyuli iphuka ochungechungeni lokusabela, ikhiqize imikhiqizo efana ne-carbon dioxide kanye nezinhlanganisela ezincishisiwe ezifana ne-NADH ne-FADH2 Lezi zinhlanganisela ezincishisiwe zithwala ama-electron weketanga ukuphefumula, okukhiqiza i-proton gradient evumela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ATP.
Umjikelezo we-Krebs uqukethe izinyathelo eziyisishiyagalombili, ngasinye sicutshungulwa yi-enzyme ethile. Lawa ma-enzyme adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni nasekuhlanganiseni ukusabela komjikelezo. Ezinye zezinyathelo ezibalulekile zifaka inhlanganisela ye-acetyl-CoA ne-oxaloacetate ukuze yakhe i-citrate, i-oxidation ye-citrate, kanye nokuvuselelwa kwe-oxaloacetate. Njengoba umjikelezo uqhubeka, kukhiqizwa okuphakathi okubalulekile okufana ne-succinate, i-fumarate, ne-malate, ebamba iqhaza kwezinye izindlela ze-metabolic.
Ukubaluleka komoyampilo ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula: isidingo esingaxoxiswana
Umoya-mpilo udlala indima ebalulekile ekuphefumuleni kwamangqamuzana, okuyisidingo esiphelele ukuze le nqubo yenzeke. indlela ephumelelayo. Ngokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana, amangqamuzana athola amandla adingekayo ukuze enze imisebenzi yawo ebalulekile. Umoya-mpilo usebenza njengesamukeli sokugcina sama-electron akhululwa ngesikhathi se-oxidative phosphorylation stage, okuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwe-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), umthombo oyinhloko wamandla amaselula.
Ukuba khona komoyampilo ekuphefumuleni kweselula kuvumela ukuthola inani elikhulu le-ATP ngengqamuzana ngayinye ye-glucose uma kuqhathaniswa nokuvutshelwa kwe-anaerobic. Lo mehluko usekhonweni lomoya-mpilo wokwamukela ama-electron futhi uwahambise ngochungechunge lokuphefumula, ngaleyo ndlela ukhiqize i-proton gradient eshayela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ATP kulwelwesi olungaphakathi lwe-mitochondrial. Ngale ndlela, umoya-mpilo uba yingxenye ebalulekile yokusebenza kahle kwe-mitochondria futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana ewonke.
Ngokungeziwe endimeni yayo ekukhiqizeni amandla, ioksijini nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ku imetabolism yamaseli. Ngokubamba iqhaza ezinqubweni ezibalulekile ezifana ne-oxidation yama-molecule ephilayo, umoya-mpilo unomthelela ekuqedeni imikhiqizo engcolile kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinhlanganisela ezibalulekile zeseli Ngokufanayo, i-oksijini isebenza njengomlawuli wezindlela ezithile ze-metabolic, ezilawula ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ezihlobene impendulo ezinguqukweni ezimeni zemvelo. Kafushane, ukuba khona komoyampilo ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle nasekugcinweni kwe-homeostasis yamaselula.
Uchungechunge lwezokuthutha lwe-electron: indlela eyinhloko yokukhiqiza amandla
Uchungechunge lwezokuthutha lwe-electron luyindlela eyinkimbinkimbi eyisisekelo ohlelweni lokukhiqiza amandla eselula. Lolu chungechunge lutholakala kulwelwesi lwangaphakathi lwe-mitochondria, futhi umgomo walo oyinhloko ukudluliselwa kwama-electron ngochungechunge lwamaprotheni akhona kuwo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lolu chungechunge lwakhiwe ama-protein complexes amane ayinhloko, okuthiwa I, II, III kanye ne-IV, ngayinye inomsebenzi wayo othize ekuthuthweni kwama-electron.
Inqubo yokukhiqiza amandla ngochungechunge lwezokuthutha lwama-electron isekelwe ekudlulisweni okulandelanayo kwama-electron asuka kubanikeli bama-electron afana ne-NADH noma i-FADH2 eya kuma-electron amukela njenge-oxygen. Lokhu kugeleza kwama-electron kukhiqiza i-electrochemical gradient yonkana kulwelwesi lwangaphakathi lwe-mitochondrial, olwaziwa ngokuthi amandla olwelwesi. Leli khono le-membrane libalulekile ekwakhiweni kwe-ATP, i-molecule yamandla eselula ngobuhle.
Uchungechunge lwezokuthutha lwama-electron lwenziwa ukuba lwenzeke ngokuba khona kwama-cofactors, njenge-coenzyme Q nama-cytochromes, adlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthweni kwama-electron ahambisana neketango. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo ilawulwa ama-inhibitors athile kanye nama-activator, okuvumela ukugcina ukulawula okunembile ekukhiqizeni amandla eselula. Kafushane, uchungechunge lwezokuthutha lwama-electron luyindlela esebenza kahle kakhulu yokukhiqiza amandla, futhi ukuqonda kwalo kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni emkhakheni we-bioenergetics.
I-Mitochondria: ibalulekile ekuphefumuleni okusebenzayo kwamaselula
Ososayensi bathole ukuthi i-mitochondria idlala indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokuphefumula kwamaselula okusebenzayo. Lezi zakhiwo ze-membranous, ezikhona kuwo wonke amangqamuzana e-eukaryotic, zibhekwa "njengezimboni zamandla" zomzimba wethu. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukukhiqiza i-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), i-molecule enika amandla imisebenzi eminingi yamangqamuzana. I-Mitochondria ibalulekile ekugcineni ibhalansi yamandla efanele kumaseli ethu.
Inqubo yokukhiqiza i-ATP nge-mitochondria, eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuphefumula kwamaselula, iyinkimbinkimbi futhi yenzeka ngezigaba eziningi Isigaba sokuqala senzeka kulwelwesi lwangaphandle lwe-mitochondria, lapho kwethulwa khona umoya-mpilo. Umoya-mpilo ube usuhamba uye ku-matrix ye-mitochondrial, into etholakala ngaphakathi kwe-mitochondria. Yilapho isigaba esiyinhloko sokuphefumula kwamaselula, esaziwa ngokuthi umjikelezo we-Krebs, senzeka khona. Kule nqubo, ama-molecule andulelayo e-ATP akhiqizwa azobese esetshenziswa esigabeni esilandelayo.
Isigaba sokugcina sokuphefumula kwamaselula senzeka ku-mitochondrial cristae, egoqekile kulwelwesi lwangaphakathi lwale organelle. Lapha, i-electron transport chain complex, enesibopho sokudlulisa ama-electron ngochungechunge lwamaphrotheni Njengoba ama-electron enyakaza kulolu chungechunge, ama-proton akhululwa ku-matrix ye-mitochondrial. Lawa ma-proton asetshenziswa yi-ATP synthase ukukhiqiza. I-ATP evela kuma-molecule andulelayo. Ngale ndlela, i-mitochondria iqinisekisa ukuphefumula kwamaselula okuphumelelayo namandla anele okusebenza kahle kwamangqamuzana ethu.
Ukulawulwa kokuphefumula kwamaselula: ibhalansi kanye ne-homeostasis
Ukulawulwa kokuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo ebalulekile yokugcina ibhalansi kanye ne-homeostasis ezinhlelweni eziphilayo. Ngochungechunge lwezindlela zokulawula, amaseli ayakwazi ukulungisa isivinini kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuphefumula ngokuvumelana nezidingo zamandla ezinto eziphilayo.
Esinye sezilawuli eziyinhloko zokuphefumula kwamaselula ukugcwala komoyampilo endaweni ezungezile. Lapho izinga le-oxygen lincipha, amaseli asebenzisa uchungechunge lwezinqubo ze-biochemical ukuze azivumelanise nalesi simo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukulawulwa kokuvezwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezibandakanyekayo ekukhiqizeni ama-enzyme okuphefumula kanye nokusebenza kwezinye izindlela ze-metabolic ukuze kutholwe amandla.
Ngaphandle kwe-oksijini, ezinye izici ezifana nokuhlushwa kwe-carbon dioxide kanye nokushisa nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana Izinto eziphilayo zinezinqubo zokubona lezi zinguquko futhi ziphendule ngokufanele, ukuqinisekisa ukuphefumula okwanele nokukhululwa kwenani elidingekayo lamandla. Kafushane, ukulawulwa kokuphefumula kwamaselula kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ibhalansi ye-metabolic kanye ne-homeostasis efanele ezinhlelweni eziphilayo.
Izifo nokungasebenzi okuhlobene nokuphefumula kwamaselula: ukuqonda imiphumela
Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo ebalulekile ekuphileni kwamangqamuzana, lapho amandla atholakala ku-glucose nezinye izinhlanganisela eziphilayo. Kodwa-ke, lapho ukungasebenzi kahle kwenzeka kule nqubo, uchungechunge lwezifo nezimo zingavela ezithinta kakhulu impilo yezinto eziphilayo.
Ezinye zezifo ezihlobene nokuphefumula kwamaselula zihlanganisa:
- Ukuhluleka kwe-Mitochondrial: Uma i-mitochondria, izakhi zamaselula ezibhekene nokuphefumula kwamaselula, ziveza noma yikuphi ukungasebenzi, kungabangela izinguquko ezinkulu ekusebenzeni kwezitho ezihlukahlukene nezicubu. Lokhu kungazibonakalisa ngezimpawu ezinjengobuthakathaka bemisipha, ukukhathala okungapheli kanye nezinkinga zokusebenzisana.
- Izifo ze-Metabolic: Ukungasebenzi kahle kokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana kungashintsha imetabolism yezakhi, okuholela ezifweni ezifana nesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 nokukhuluphala. Kulezi zimo, amangqamuzana awakwazi ukusebenzisa kahle i-glucose, okuholela emazingeni aphezulu kashukela egazini kanye nezinkinga zokulawula isisindo somzimba.
- Izifo ze-Neurodegenerative: Ukuphefumula kwamaselula okukhubazekile kuye kwahlotshaniswa nezifo ezinjenge-Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, kanye ne-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Lezi zimo zibonakala ngokuwohloka okuqhubekayo kwamangqamuzana ezinzwa futhi kungabangela ukulahlekelwa inkumbulo, ukukhubazeka kwengqondo, nezinkinga zokuhamba.
Kafushane, ukuqonda imiphumela yezifo kanye nokungasebenzi kahle okuhlobene nokuphefumula kwamaselula kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa ukwelashwa okusebenzayo nokuvimbela izinkinga. Lezi zinguquko azithinti kuphela ukusebenza kwamaselula, kodwa futhi nempilo yonke yezinto eziphilayo. Kudingeka ukuqhubeka nokucwaninga ukuze sijulise ulwazi lwethu ngalezi zinqubo futhi sithole izindlela ezintsha zokubhekana nokwelapha lezi zifo.
Izincomo zokuthuthukisa ukuphefumula kwamaselula: imikhuba ekhuthaza impilo nokudla
Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo eyisisekelo yokusebenza kahle komzimba wethu, ngoba kusivumela ukuba sithole amandla adingekayo ukuze senze yonke imisebenzi ebalulekile. Lapha sethula izincomo ezithile zokuthuthukisa le nqubo nokukhuthaza impilo yamaselula:
Imikhuba enempilo:
- Gcina isimiso sokuzivocavoca umzimba njalo. Umsebenzi womzimba uvuselela ukujikeleza kwegazi futhi ukhuthaze umoya-mpilo wamaseli.
- Lala kahle. Ukuphumula okubuyisela kubalulekile ukugcina ibhalansi kumetabolism yamaselula.
- Gwema ukucindezeleka okungapheli. Ukucindezeleka isikhathi eside kungathinta kabi impilo yeselula, ngakho-ke bheka amasu okuphumula ukuze usize ekunciphiseni.
Ukudla okuthuthukisa impilo:
- Yidla ukudla okunothe ngama-antioxidants, njengezithelo nemifino. Lawa ma-antioxidants avikela amangqamuzana emonakalweni we-oxidative futhi akhuthaze ukusebenza kwawo okufanele.
- Faka phakathi imithombo ye-omega-3 fatty acids ekudleni kwakho, njengezinhlanzi ezinamafutha, imbewu ye-chia, noma ama-walnuts. Lawa ma-fatty acids abalulekile ukugcina ubuqotho bolwelwesi lwamaseli.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi uthola amavithamini namaminerali anele ngokudla okunomsoco. Lezi zakhi zibalulekile ezinqubweni ze-metabolic zamangqamuzana.
Ukuthuthukisa ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa impilo nokuvimbela izifo. Ngokulandela lezi zincomo futhi uphile impilo enempilo, uzokwazi ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwamaseli akho futhi ujabulele impilo egcwele nenamandla.
Imibuzo Nezimpendulo
Umbuzo: Kuyini ukuphefumula kwamaselula?
Impendulo: Ukuphefumula kweselula kuyinqubo ye-metabolic eyenzeka kumaseli ezinto eziphilayo ukuze ithole amandla. Kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi lapho imisoco, njengeglucose, ihlukaniswa khona lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo ukuze kukhiqizwe i-ATP, umthombo oyinhloko wamandla asetshenziswa amangqamuzana.
Umbuzo: Yiziphi izigaba zokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana?
Impendulo: Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuqukethe izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-glycolysis, umjikelezo we-Krebs kanye ne-oxidative phosphorylation. Ku-glycolysis, i-glucose ihlukaniswa ibe ama-molecule amabili e-pyruvate, ikhiqize inani elincane le-ATP ne-NADH. Emjikelezweni we-Krebs, i-pyruvate ihlakazeke ngokuphelele, ikhiqiza i-ATP, NADH ne-FADH2 eyengeziwe. Ekugcineni, ku-phosphorylation ye-oxidative, ama-electron athwalwa yi-NADH kanye ne-FADH2 asetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa ama-molecule e-ATP.
Umbuzo: Kwenzeka kuphi ukuphefumula kwamaselula?
Impendulo: Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kwenzeka ku-mitochondria, okungama-organelle amaselula anesibopho sokukhiqiza amandla. Ama-enzyme adingekayo ezigabeni ezihlukene zokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana atholakala kulwelwesi lwe-mitochondria.
Umbuzo: Kubaluleke ngani ukuphefumula kwamaselula?
Impendulo: Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kubalulekile ukuze kuphile izinto eziphilayo, njengoba kunikeza amandla adingekayo ukuze enze yonke imisebenzi yamaselula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo ephumelelayo yokukhiqiza i-ATP, okuvumela amaseli ukuthi agcine i-homeostasis futhi enze imisebenzi ebalulekile, njengokukhula, ukuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni, nokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA.
Umbuzo: Kwenzekani uma umoya-mpilo ungekho owanele wokuphefumula kwamaselula?
Impendulo: Uma ungekho umoya-mpilo, ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-aerobic ngeke kwenzeke. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, amaseli angashintshela ohlotsheni lokuphefumula olubizwa ngokuthi i-anaerobic cell respiration noma i-fermentation, engasebenzi kahle futhi ekhiqiza i-ATP encane. Kodwa-ke, ezintweni eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi njengabantu, ukuntuleka komoyampilo isikhathi eside kungaholela ekulimaleni kwamaselula futhi, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, kuholele ekufeni komzimba.
Indlela Eya Phambili
Kafushane, ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana kuyinqubo eyisisekelo yokuphila kwamaseli. Ngokusabela okuyinkimbinkimbi kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo, amangqamuzana athola amandla adingekayo ukuze enze imisebenzi yawo ebalulekile. Inqubo inezigaba ezintathu: glycolysis, Krebs cycle kanye neketango lokuphefumula. Ngasinye salezi zigaba sibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala njalo kwe-ATP, uphethiloli weseli.
Ukuphefumula kweselula kuyinqubo esebenza kahle kakhulu futhi elawulwayo evumela amaseli ukuthi athole amandla adingekayo ukuze enze yonke imisebenzi yawo. Njengoba sithuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu le nqubo, singakwazi futhi ukusizakala izinhlelo zayo zokusebenza emikhakheni ehlukene, njengezokwelapha kanye ne-biotechnology.
Sengiphetha, ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo ekhetheke kakhulu futhi kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwamaseli. Ngokuwohloka kwezakhi, amangqamuzana athola amandla adingekayo ukuze aphile nokusebenza kwawo. Le nqubo, nakuba iyinkimbinkimbi, ibonisa amandla amangalisayo okuzivumelanisa nezimo nokusebenza kahle kwamangqamuzana ukuze aqinisekise ukuba khona kwawo. Ukucwaninga okuqhubekayo kokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana kusinika ukuqonda okujulile kokuthi izinto eziphilayo zigcina futhi zisebenza kanjani.
Ngingu-Sebastián Vidal, unjiniyela wekhompyutha ozifelayo ngobuchwepheshe kanye ne-DIY. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngingumdali we tecnobits.com, lapho ngabelana khona ngezifundo zokwenza ubuchwepheshe bufinyeleleke kakhudlwana futhi buqonde wonke umuntu.