Umthetho Wamatafula Ayishumi Nambili

Isibuyekezo sokugcina: 29/06/2023
Umbhali: USebastian Vidal

Isingeniso:

"Umthetho Wamathebula Ayishumi Nambili" uthathwa njengendikimba yomthetho yokuqala ebhaliwe yeRiphabhulikhi YaseRoma yasendulo. Yamenyezelwa ngo-451 BC, lokhu kuhlanganiswa komthetho kwaba yisisekelo sobulungiswa bamaRoma futhi kwabeka izisekelo zomthetho wesikhathi esizayo woMbuso WaseRoma. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izici zobuchwepheshe zoMthetho wamaThebula Ayishumi Nambili, sihlaziya isakhiwo sawo somthetho, izinhlinzeko zawo eziyinhloko kanye nomthelela wawo. ohlelweni Umthetho wamaRoma Ngombono ongathathi hlangothi, ukuthuthuka okubalulekile lo mthetho okulethwe nawo kuzobhekwa, kanye nemikhawulo yawo kanye nemiphumela ekuthuthukisweni komlando womthetho waseRoma.

1. Isingeniso soMthetho wamaThebula Ayishumi Nambili: Imvelaphi kanye nengqikithi yomlando

Umthetho Wamathebula Ayishumi Nambili kwakuyikhodi yomthetho yokuqala eyaziwayo yeRoma lasendulo futhi wabeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa komthetho wamaRoma amakhulu eminyaka. Umsuka wawo usukela ngo-450 BC, lapho ikhomishana yamadoda ayishumi eyayiphethe ukubhala le mithetho ngenhloso yokusungula ukulingana kwazo zonke izakhamuzi ngaphambi kobulungiswa. Le khodi yahlanganiswa ngonyaka wama-450 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu futhi yenziwa umphakathi eSigcawini SaseRoma.

Umongo womlando okwavela kuwo uMthetho Wezigcawu Eziyishumi Nambili ubalulekile ekuqondeni ukubaluleka kwawo. Ngaleso sikhathi, umphakathi wamaRoma wawusenkathini yezinxushunxushu zezombangazwe nezenhlalo, nezingxabano eziqinile phakathi kwezigaba ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi. Ukwakhiwa kwale khodi kwakuyindlela yokufeza ukuthula komphakathi nokuzinza kwezombangazwe, ngokusungula imithetho ecacile esebenza kuzo zonke izakhamuzi ngokulinganayo.

Okuqukethwe kwamaThebula Ayishumi Nambili kuhlanganisa izihloko eziningi ezihlukahlukene, kusukela emthethweni womphakathi nowobugebengu kuya emthethweni womndeni kanye nempahla. Le mithetho yasungula amalungelo nezibopho zezakhamuzi, kanye nezinqubo zomthetho okufanele zilandelwe uma kunokungqubuzana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMthetho Wezigcawu Eziyishumi Nambili wabeka izisekelo zomthetho waseRoma kanye nokuthuthuka kwawo okwalandela, uthathwa njengesisekelo sohlelo lwezomthetho lwamaRoma amakhulu eminyaka.

2. Inhloso nesakhiwo soMthetho wamaThebula Ayishumi Nambili

Injongo yoMthetho Wezinhlaka Eziyishumi Nambili kwakuwukunikeza isimiso somthetho esilotshiwe esingatholwa yizo zonke izakhamuzi zaseRoma. Umthetho wangaphambili wawusekelwe ikakhulukazi emasikweni adluliselwa ngomlomo, okwenza kube nzima ukuwusebenzisa futhi kushiye indawo enkulu yokuhunyushwa. Ngokusetshenziswa kwalo mthetho, inhloso kwakuwukumisa isethi yemithetho ecacile nefingqiwe eyayilawula ukuphila kwansuku zonke komphakathi waseRoma.

Isakhiwo soMthetho wamatafula ayishumi nambili sahlukaniswa saba amathebula ayishumi nambili, ngalinye ligxile ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomthetho wamaRoma. Ithebula ngalinye lalikhuluma ngezindawo ezithile ezifana nomthetho womphakathi, umthetho wobugebengu, imithetho yezakhiwo kanye nemithetho yemindeni.

Lawa mathebula ayebhalwe ngolimi olungokomthetho futhi asetshenziswa indlela yobuchwepheshe eyayishiya indawo encane yokuhumusha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, unswinyo olucacile nolulinganiselayo lwasungulwa kulabo abephula imithetho. Ngokunjalo, uMthetho wamaThebula ayishumi nambili nawo wasungula amalungelo nemisebenzi yezakhamizi, uqinisekisa ukulingana nobulungiswa. emphakathini IsiRoman. Ngokusetshenziswa kwawo, inhloso bekuwukukhuthaza ukuthotshelwa komthetho nokuqinisekisa ukubumbana komphakathi.

3. Ukuhlaziywa kokuqukethwe okuyinhloko nezinhlinzeko zoMthetho

Kulesi sigaba sizokwenza ukuhlaziya okuningiliziwe kokuqukethwe nezinhlinzeko ezifanele kakhulu zoMthetho Ukuze siqonde kangcono, sihlele lokhu kuhlaziywa kwaba izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukunikezwa okujwayelekile, imithethonqubo ethile kanye nezijeziso.

Disposiciones generales: Nazi izigatshana nemithethonqubo eyisisekelo yoMthetho, esungula uhlaka lomthetho lapho ezinye izinhlinzeko zisekelwa khona. Ngaphakathi kwalesi sigaba, sizohlaziya izihloko ezinjengezinjongo nobubanzi boMthetho, amalungelo nezibopho zezinhlangothi ezithintekayo, izinqubo zokuphatha kanye nezivikelo ezisungulelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthotshelwa komthetho.

Imithethonqubo ethile: Kulesi sigaba sizohlaziya ngokuningiliziwe isici ngasinye esilawulwa nguMthetho. Sizokwethula incazelo ephelele yemithethonqubo ethile, okuhlanganisa izibonelo ezingokoqobo namathuluzi awusizo okusebenza kwayo. Ukwengeza, sizohlinzeka ngezeluleko nezincomo ezisekelwe ezenzweni ezingcono kakhulu kanye nolwazi lwangaphambilini, ukuze kube lula ukuqonda nokusebenzisa le mithethonqubo.

Izijeziso: Okokugcina, sizobhekana nezijeziso ezisungulwe eMthethweni kulabo abangahambisani nezinhlinzeko zawo. Sizohlaziya amazinga ahlukene ezijeziso, kusukela kuzixwayiso nezinhlawulo zemali kuye esinyathelweni somthetho esingaba khona. Ukwengeza, sizogqamisa ukubaluleka kokuthobela uMthetho, kokubili ngokombono wezimiso zokuziphatha kanye nomthetho, sigcizelela imiphumela engemihle engase ivele ngenxa yokungathobeli.

4. Inqubo yokulungisa nokuvunywa koMthetho wamaThebula Ayishumi Nambili

Kwakuyingqopha-mlando yomthetho eRoma Lasendulo. Le nqubo Kwenzeka ngekhulu lesi-5 BC futhi kwabeka izisekelo zomthetho wamaRoma. Izinyathelo ezilandelwayo ukulungiselela nokugunyazwa kwalo mthetho zizochazwa ngezansi:

1. Cela ikhomishana: Ukulungiswa koMthetho wamatafula ayishumi nambili kwaphathiswa ikhomishini yezimantshi eziyishumi ezaziwa ngokuthi yi-decemviri. Lezi zimantshi zazikhethwe yiSigele SaseRoma futhi zazinamandla agcwele okubhala imithetho.

2. Ucwaningo nokuhlanganiswa kwemithetho ekhona: I-Decemviri yenze ucwaningo olunzulu kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemithetho namasiko aseRoma akhona. Inhloso yawo kwakuwukuqoqa nokuhlela yonke imithetho esebenzayo kuze kube manje ngekhodi eyodwa yomthetho.

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5. Umthelela woMthetho wamaThebula Ayishumi Nambili emthethweni wamaRoma

Kwakubalulekile futhi kwabeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa komthetho kamuva eRoma lasendulo. Lawa mathebula ayeyikhodi yokuqala ebhaliwe yemithetho yamaRoma futhi athathwa njengetshe lesisekelo lesimiso somthetho waseRoma.

Omunye wemithelela eyinhloko yoMthetho wamaThebula Ayishumi Nambili kwaba ukwakhiwa komfaniswano nohlaka lomthetho olusobala lwazo zonke izakhamuzi zaseRoma. Lawa mathebula ahlanganisa izihloko eziningi zomthetho, kusukela emthethweni wezakhiwo kanye nezibopho zenkontileka kuya emthethweni wobugebengu kanye nemithetho yenqubo.

Njengengxenye yomthelela wawo ohlala njalo, uMthetho Wezigcawu Eziyishumi Nambili wasungula izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho wamaRoma, njengomgomo wokulingana phambi komthetho kanye nokuthathwa njengomuntu omsulwa. Lezi zimiso zakha isisekelo sobulungiswa bamaRoma futhi zanikeza uhlaka oluqinile lwezomthetho lokuxazulula izingxabano kanye nokulawula ubudlelwano bezenhlalo nezomnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMthetho Wezinhlaka Eziyishumi Nambili uphinde waba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni komthetho wezakhamuzi waseRoma, owaba ngenye yezinsika zomthetho wanamuhla waseYurophu.

Ngamafuphi, kwakuyisisekelo ekuguqukeni kwesimiso sezomthetho saseRoma. Lawa mathebula anikeza ikhodi ebhaliwe ecacile nephelele eyasungula izisekelo ezingokomthetho zomphakathi waseRoma. Ithonya layo ladlulela ngalé kweRoma lasendulo futhi lisasebenza okwamanje ekuthuthukisweni komthetho womphakathi ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba.

6. Ukuqhathaniswa phakathi koMthetho wamaThebula Ayishumi Nambili kanye neminye imithetho yangaleso sikhathi

Ikuvumela ukuthi ubone ukufana nokwehluka ezinhlelweni zomthetho zaseRoma lasendulo nezinye izimpucuko zangaleso sikhathi. Nakuba Umthetho Wamathebula Ayishumi Nambili uthathwa njengenye yemibhalo esemthethweni yokuqala yomlando, kunezinye izindikimba ezilawulayo ezavela ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi ezibe nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni komthetho.

Okukodwa kwe umehluko omkhulu phakathi koMthetho wamaThebula Ayishumi Nambili neminye imithetho yangaleso sikhathi ilele ezingeni lemininingwane kanye nokucaciswa kwemithetho. Nakuba eRoma lasendulo imithetho yayivamile futhi isekelwe ezimisweni ezibanzi, kweminye imithetho kugcinwa ukucaciswa okukhulu kwemithetho neziqondiso ezicini ezihlukahlukene zempilo yezenhlalo nezomthetho. Lokhu kukhombisa izindlela ezehlukene zokushaya umthetho kanye nokubhekana nezindaba zomthetho emphakathini ngamunye.

Omunye umehluko ophawulekayo ubukhona noma ukungabi khona kwesijeziso sokushaywa emthethweni wamanje. Nakuba uMthetho Wamathebula Ayishumi Nambili wawuhlanganisa ukujeziswa ngokomzimba, okufana nokufekethwa nokubethelwa, eminye imithetho yayithambekele ekubekeni phambili izijeziso ze-pecuniary noma ukuxoshwa njengezinhlobo zesijeziso. Lokhu kukhombisa imibono ehlukene yesijeziso nobulungiswa emiphakathini eyahlukene yangaleso sikhathi saseRoma lasendulo.

7. Ukuhunyushwa kanye nokusetshenziswa koMthetho wamaThebula Ayishumi Nambili ekusebenzeni kwezomthetho

Umthetho Wamathebula Ayishumi Nambili ungomunye wemithombo emidala kakhulu yoMthetho WaseRoma futhi wabeka izisekelo zomthetho olandelayo. Ukuchazwa kwayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo emisebenzini yezomthetho kubalulekile ukuze siqonde izisekelo ezingokomthetho zaseRoma lasendulo. Kulesi sigaba, sizohlola izici ezibalulekile ezihlobene nokuchazwa nokusebenzisa lo Mthetho emkhakheni wezomthetho.

Ukuchazwa koMthetho wamaThebula Ayishumi Nambili kudinga ulwazi olujulile lwengqikithi yawo yomlando namasiko. Kuyadingeka ukuqonda inhloso yabashayi-mthetho baseRoma lapho bebhala ilungiselelo ngalinye nokuthi lalisetshenziswa kanjani ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ukwenza lokhu, kubalulekile ukuhlaziya imibono yezazi zomthetho nezazi ezisinika umbono ocacile wezinhloso kanye nobubanzi benkambiso ngayinye.

Ekusebenzeni kwamanje kwezomthetho, uMthetho wamaThebula Ayishumi Nambili usetshenziswa njengomthombo wogqozi nanjengesisekelo sokuchazwa kweminye imibhalo yezomthetho. Ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso zayo kubaluleke kakhulu emacaleni ahlobene nempahla, izinkontileka, ubugebengu kanye nezibopho zomphakathi. Nokho, kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi lo mthetho kumele uhunyushwe ekukhanyeni yengqikithi yamanje futhi ihambisane nezidingo namaqiniso omphakathi wethu wamanje.

Akunakuphikwa. Lawa mathebula, amenyezelwa eRoma lasendulo ngo-450 BC, abeka izisekelo eziyisisekelo zomthetho wamaRoma futhi asathonya izici eziningi zesistimu yezomthetho yangaleso sikhathi.

Omunye weminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu yamaThebula Ayishumi Nambili kwaba ukwethulwa komqondo wokulingana ngaphambi komthetho. Le mithetho yaba ngeyokuqala ukuqaphela ukuthi bonke abantu kufanele baphathwe ngokulinganayo nangokulinganayo kungakhathaliseki isimo sabo senhlalo. Lo mgomo wokulingana uyinsika eyisisekelo ohlelweni lwamanje lwezomthetho futhi ufakwe kumithethosisekelo kanye namakhodi omthetho emhlabeni jikelele.

Esinye isici esifanele samaThebula Ayishumi Nambili umthelela wawo ekwakhiweni nasekuhleleni uhlelo lwezomthetho. Le mithetho yasungula umqondo othi “jus civile” noma umthetho wezakhamuzi, okuwuqoqo lwemithetho elawula ubudlelwano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zaseRoma. Lo mqondo wabeka isisekelo sokwakhiwa kohlelo lwezomthetho oluhlanganisiwe, lapho imithetho yayicacile futhi ifinyeleleka kuzo zonke izakhamuzi. Lo mbono wohlelo lwezomthetho oluhlelekile noluhlelekile uye wakhuthazela kuwo wonke amakhulu eminyaka futhi ubonakala ku izinhlelo ezahlukene imithethonqubo yezomthetho yamanje.

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Sengiphetha, uMthetho Wezigcawu Eziyishumi Nambili ushiye ifa elihlala njalo ohlelweni lwezomthetho lwanamuhla. Igalelo labo ekwamukeleni ukulingana phambi komthetho kanye nesakhiwo nokuhleleka kwezinhlelo zomthetho libe yisisekelo. Nakuba sekudlule iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili kusukela ekumenyezweni kwawo, amaThebula Ayishumi Nambili ayaqhubeka nokuba yisithenjwa ekuguqukeni komthetho futhi ayaqhubeka nokufundwa nokuhlaziywa namuhla.

9. Ukufaneleka kanye nezifundo zamanje ngoMthetho wamaThebula Ayishumi Nambili

Umthetho Wamathebula Ayishumi Nambili ungomunye wemibhalo yezomthetho emidala futhi eyisisekelo emlandweni womthetho wamaRoma. Le mithetho yahlanganiswa ngo-450 BC futhi yasungula amalungelo nemisebenzi yezakhamuzi zaseRoma. Naphezu kweminyaka yawo, ukubaluleka kwalo mthetho namuhla akunakuphikwa, njengoba wabeka izisekelo zokwakhiwa kohlelo lwezomthetho olunobulungiswa nolulinganayo.

Izifundo zamanje ku-Law of the Twelve Tables zigxile ethonyeni lawo ekuthuthukisweni komthetho waseRoma kanye nomthelela wawo emlandweni womthetho uwonke. Lezi zifundo zihlaziya izici ezihlukene zalo mthetho, kusukela ezinhlinzekweni zawo zomthetho kuya ekusebenzeni kwawo okungokoqobo. Ukubaluleka kwale mithetho ekwakhiweni kohlelo lwezomthetho lwesimanje kanye nokufana okungatholakala emithethweni yangaleso sikhathi nakho kuyaphenywa.

Ezinye zezihloko ezivelele zocwaningo kuMthetho Wamathebula Ayishumi Nambili zihlanganisa ukuvikelwa kwempahla yomuntu siqu, ukulawulwa kwezibopho zenkontileka, ukuphathwa kobulungiswa, nezijeziso zobugebengu. Lezi zifundo zifuna ukuqonda ukuthi le mithetho ibe negalelo kanjani ekudalweni komphakathi waseRoma ohlelekile nolungile, kanye nomthelela wawo ekuguqukeni komthetho okwalandela. Ukuhambisana kwalezi zifundo kulele emandleni azo okukhanyisa kusisekelo somlando wezinhlelo zezomthetho zamanje kanye nokuqhubeka kwazo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

10. Ukugxeka kanye nezingxabano eziphathelene noMthetho wamaThebula Ayishumi Nambili

Kuningi ukugxeka kanye nezingxabano ezizungeze uMthetho wamaThebula ayishumi nambili ezivele kulo lonke. kuwo wonke umlando. Lokhu kugxeka kugxile kakhulu ezicini ezinjengokuqina komthetho, isimo sawo sokugcina umthetho kanye nomthelela wawo emphakathini waseRoma. Ukwengeza, kube nezingxoxo mayelana nokuthi imithetho ibisebenza kuzo zonke izakhamizi ngokulinganayo noma ngabe kunomehluko osuselwe esimeni senhlalo.

Okunye kokugxeka okuyinhloko koMthetho wamaThebula Ayishumi Nambili ukuqina kwawo. Njengoba ziyiqoqo lemithetho ebhaliwe, lezi zinkambiso ezingokomthetho zashiya isikhala esincane sokuchazwa nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezithile zecala ngalinye. Lokhu kwaholela ezimweni lapho ukusetshenziswa komthetho kwakungalungile noma kungalingani, njengoba imininingwane yesimo ngasinye yayingenakubhekwa.

Enye impikiswano ephathelene nale mithetho isimo sayo sokungaguquguquki. Njengoba yayiyiqoqo lemithetho esekelwe emasikweni nasemasikweni asendulo, eminingi yawo eyayivele ingasasebenzi ngesikhathi ibhalwa, yagxekwa ngokunganaki ukuguquguquka kwezenhlalo namasiko komphakathi waseRoma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le mithetho yayicatshangwa ukuthi ivuna ama-patricians, isigaba esiphezulu sezenhlalakahle, ekulimazeni ama-plebeians nezigqila.

11. Indima yoMthetho wamaThebula Ayishumi Nambili ekuhlanganisweni komqondo wobulungisa eRoma lasendulo.

Umthetho Wamathebula Ayishumi Nambili wadlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlanganiseni umqondo wobulungisa eRoma lasendulo. Lawa mathebula, amenyezelwa ngo-450 BC, ayeyindikimba yomthetho yokuqala eyabhalwa eRoma futhi abeka izisekelo zesimiso somthetho waseRoma. Ngokusungulwa kwayo, ifune ukuqinisekisa ukulingana kwazo zonke izakhamuzi phambi komthetho futhi imise uhlaka lwezomthetho olunobulungiswa nolulinganayo.

Omunye weminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu yoMthetho WeZithebula Eziyishumi Nambili kwakuyindlela owamisa ngayo amalungelo nemisebenzi yezakhamuzi zaseRoma. Okokuqala ngqa, imithetho wonke umuntu ayengaphansi kwayo yacaciswa ngokucacile futhi kwamiswa isethi yemithetho esebenza kuwo wonke umuntu ngokulinganayo. Lokhu kwavumela umuzwa onamandla wobulungiswa ukuba uthuthuke emphakathini waseRoma, njengoba izakhamuzi zazazi kahle ukuthi yini okufanele ziyilindele emthethweni kanye nendlela owawusebenza ngayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mthetho ubuye wadlala indima ebalulekile ekudaleni uhlaka lomthetho olusobala nolufinyeleleka kalula. Ngenxa yokuthi yayibhalwe ngendlela yethebula futhi yavezwa obala, zonke izakhamuzi zazingabonisana nayo futhi ziyiqonde. Lokhu kwaqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usetshenziswa ngendlela efanele nokuthi wonke umuntu unethuba lokuqonda nokulwela amalungelo akhe. Umthetho Wamathebula Ayishumi Nambili wabeka isisekelo sentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo ohlelweni lwezomthetho waseRoma futhi waba nesandla ekuhlanganisweni komqondo wobulungisa eRoma lasendulo.

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12. Umthelela woMthetho wamaThebula Ayishumi Nambili kwezinye izinhlelo zomthetho zakamuva

Umthetho Wamathebula Ayishumi Nambili, ikhodi yokuqala ebhaliwe yeRoma Yasendulo, ushiye uphawu olujulile ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zomthetho ezalandela. Nakuba okuqukethwe kwayo kulahleke kakhulu, ithonya layo lingabonwa ezicini ezihlukahlukene zomthetho waseRoma kanye nezinye izimpucuko.

Okokuqala, uMthetho wamaThebula Ayishumi Nambili wabeka isisekelo sohlelo lwezomthetho oluhlelekile nolufinyeleleka kuzo zonke izakhamuzi. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwemithetho kudingide izinkinga eziningi, kusukela emthethweni wobugebengu kuye emthethweni wezakhiwo, futhi kwanikeza izakhamuzi isiqondiso esicacile mayelana nendlela yokuziphatha nokuxazulula izingxabano ezingokomthetho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMthetho wamaTables ayishumi nambili nawo wabeka isisekelo somgomo wokulingana phambi komthetho. Yathola ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi, kungakhathaliseki isimo sazo emphakathini, zinelungelo lokuphathwa ngendlela efanele nangokulingana enkantolo. Lo mbono wokulingana ngaphansi komthetho wamukelwa yizinhlelo zomthetho eziningi ezalandela, futhi usabhekwa njengenye yezinsika eziyisisekelo zobulungisa namuhla.

Kafushane, umthelela woMthetho wamaThebula Ayishumi Nambili ezinhlelweni zomthetho ezilandelayo awunakuphikwa. Umthelela wawo ungabonakala kokubili esakhiweni nasekufinyeleleni komthetho nasekukhuthazeni ukulingana phambi komthetho. Nakuba lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwemithetho yasendulo sekulibalekile, ifa lakho lisaqhubeka kwezinye zezimiso zobulungisa eziyisisekelo ezisasetshenziswa nanamuhla.

13. Ukuhlelwa komthetho: ukubaluleka koMthetho wamaThebula Ayishumi Nambili emlandweni womthetho

Ukufakwa kwekhodi yomthetho kudlale indima ebalulekile emlandweni womthetho, kanti uMthetho wamaTables ayishumi nambili ungenye yezinkulumo zokuqala zale nqubo. Nakuba umsuka wawo uhlehlela emuva ku-449 BC eRoma Lasendulo, lo mthetho usasebenza nanamuhla ngenxa yethonya lawo ezinhlelweni zomthetho ezilandelayo.

Ukubaluleka koMthetho wamaTables ayishumi nambili kusegalelo lawo ekuhlanganisweni nasekuhleleni umthetho wamaRoma, othathwa njengenye yezinsika zesiko lomthetho laseNtshonalanga. Lawa mathebula ayeyinhlanganisela yezinkambiso namasiko angokomthetho ayehloselwe ukulawula ukuphilisana nobulungisa emphakathini waseRoma. Ngawo, kwasungulwa amalungelo nemisebenzi, kanye nezinqubo zomthetho okufanele zilandelwe ezimeni ezihlukahlukene.

Umthetho Wamathebula Ayishumi Nambili wabeka izisekelo zomthetho wamaRoma futhi wasebenza njengesibonelo somthetho ezimpucukweni eziningi zakamuva. Ukubaluleka kwayo kusesimeni sayo esibhaliwe futhi sifinyeleleka kubo bonke, okuhlinzeke ngohlaka lwezomthetho olunomgomo nolulinganayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifa layo lidlulela nanamuhla, njengoba izimiso eziningi zomthetho nemiqondo engokomthetho efakwe kulawa mathebula iyaqhubeka isetshenziswa emkhakheni wezomthetho wesimanje.

14. Iziphetho ngokubaluleka ngokomlando nangokomthetho koMthetho wamaThebula Ayishumi Nambili

Sengiphetha, uMthetho Wezinhlaka Eziyishumi Nambili umele ingqopha-mlando emlandweni wezomthetho wempucuko yamaRoma. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwemithetho kwasungula izisekelo zesimiso somthetho esinokulingana nesifinyeleleka kakhudlwana kuzo zonke izakhamuzi zaseRoma.

Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu ngokubaluleka komlando wale mithetho ithonya layo elihlala njalo ekuguqukeni komthetho wamaRoma futhi kamuva ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zomthetho zezizwe eziningi zaseNtshonalanga. Imithetho ebekwe kuMathebula Ayishumi Nambili yanikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuvikela amalungelo kanye nokuphathwa kobulungisa eRoma lasendulo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMthetho Wezinhlaka Eziyishumi Nambili wabeka isisekelo sokufakwa kwekhodi yomthetho wamaRoma, okwenza kube lula ngezakhamuzi ukufinyelela nokuchaza imithetho. Ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zomthetho kunikeze ukuhambisana okukhulu nokubikezelwa ezinqubweni zokwahlulela, ngaleyo ndlela kukhiqiza ukuzethemba ekuphathweni kobulungisa. Ngalo mqondo, le mithetho iyisibonelo esicacile sokuthi umthetho ungaba neqhaza kanjani ekuzinzeni nasekuthuthukisweni komphakathi.

Sengiphetha, uMthetho Wezigcawu Eziyishumi Nambili umele ingqopha-mlando ebalulekile emlandweni woMthetho WamaRoma. Kuso sonke lesi sihloko, sihlole i-genesis, ukubaluleka nokuqukethwe kwalo mthetho wasendulo. Umthetho Wamathebula Ayishumi Nambili wabeka isisekelo senhlangano yezenhlalo nezomthetho yaseRoma lasendulo, usungula izimiso zomthetho eziyisisekelo ezahlala amakhulu eminyaka. Nakuba amathebula amaningi okuqala alahlekile, umthelela kanye nefa lawo kusaqhubeka nokuba khona ezinhlelweni zesimanje zomthetho. Njengenye yemithetho ekhokhwayo yokuqala emlandweni, uMthetho Wezigcawu Eziyishumi Nambili waphawula ukuqala kwesiko elingokomthetho eliye ladlula imingcele futhi lashiya uphawu olungenakucimeka emkhakheni wezomthetho. Nakuba eminye yemithetho yayo ingase ibonakale iyindala noma isiphelelwe yisikhathi namuhla, akungabazeki ukuthi ithonya layo liye laba ngaphezu kwemvelo ekuthuthukisweni kwempucuko yaseNtshonalanga. Kafushane, uMthetho Wamathebula Ayishumi Nambili uhlanganisa insika eyisisekelo yokuqonda ukuvela komthetho kanye nomthelela waphakade weRoma yasendulo ekumisweni kwezinhlelo zomthetho zesimanje.