I-logic ye-Aristotle

I-Aristotelian logic, eyaziwa nangokuthi uhlelo luka-Aristotle olunengqondo, isiyalo esisukela ekhulwini lesi-4 BC esakhiwa isazi sefilosofi esidumile esingumGreki, u-Aristotle. Le ndlela yokucabanga neyokucabanga isuselwe esakhiweni esihlelekile esinethonya elikhulu kwifilosofi, isayensi, nokucabanga kokuhlaziya phakathi namakhulu eminyaka.

I-Aristotelian logic igxile ekuqondeni nasekuhlukaniseni imiqondo neziphakamiso, futhi ifuna ukusungula isisekelo esiphusile nesiqinile sokufinyelela iziphetho ezifanele. Ngokusebenzisa indlela yakhe yokudonsela phansi, u-Aristotle wasungula izisekelo ze-syllogisms, indlela yokucabanga lapho iziphetho zitholwa endaweni ethile.

Le ndlela enengqondo ihlukaniswe yaba izindawo eziningana, njengethiyori yesigaba, lapho kufundwa khona izigaba ezahlukene zezinto kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwazo; isiphakamiso kanye nokwahlulela, lapho kuhlaziywa isakhiwo nobuqiniso bezitatimende; kanye ne-syllogism, evumela ukuthi iziphetho zichazwe ngokusekelwe ezakhiweni ezimisiwe.

I-logic ye-Aristotelian ishiye umthelela ohlala njalo emcabangweni waseNtshonalanga futhi iyaqhubeka nokusebenza okwamanje. Ukugcizelela kwayo ekunembeni nasekuhambisaneni okunengqondo kube nomthelela ezifundweni ezifana nefilosofi, izibalo, izilimi, nesayensi. Ngokusebenzisa i-logic ye-Aristotelian, kungenzeka ukuthuthukisa ikhono lethu lokuphikisa ngempumelelo, thola amaphutha futhi wakhe ukucabanga okuqinile.

Kafushane, i-logic ka-Aristotelian, ngokugxila kwayo ekunembeni okunengqondo kanye nesakhiwo sokuphikisana, yakha ithuluzi eliyisisekelo lokucabanga okujulile nokubonisana okuqinile. Lolu hlelo oluphusile luyaqhubeka nokusebenza endaweni yezemfundo futhi ucwaningo lwayo lusivumela ukuthi sijule emigomeni eyisisekelo yokuhluzeka kwengqondo.

1. Isingeniso se-Aristotelian logic: Imiqondo eyisisekelo kanye nokubaluleka kwayo ngokomlando

I-Aristotelian logic igatsha lefilosofi eligxile ekutadisheni imiqondo eyisisekelo yokucabanga nokucabanga okujulile. U-Aristotle, omunye wezazi zefilosofi ezinethonya elikhulu yomlando, wasungula izisekelo zalomcabango emisebenzini yakhe, okwaba nomthelela omkhulu endleleni esiqonda ngayo umhlaba futhi sakha izimpikiswano zethu.

Isifundo se-Aristotelian logic isinikeza amathuluzi anamandla okuthuthukisa amakhono okucabanga okujulile nokuhlaziya nokuhlola izimpikiswano ngempumelelo kakhudlwana. Ukuqonda imiqondo eyisisekelo yaleli phuzu elinengqondo, njengeziphakamiso, ama-sylogisms, namaphutha, kusivumela ukuthi sihlonze izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zezimpikiswano futhi sihlole ukufaneleka kwazo nokuba nengqondo.

Ukuhambisana okungokomlando komqondo ka-Aristotelian kusethonyeni lawo elihlala njalo emcabangweni waseNtshonalanga. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka lokhu kunengqondo kusetshenziswe emikhakheni ehlukahlukene njengezinkulumo, imfundiso yenkolo, isayensi, nefilosofi. Indlela yayo eqinile nehlelekile iye yamukelwa izazi zefilosofi nezazi eziningi kuwo wonke umlando, futhi umthelela wayo usabonakala nanamuhla. Ngocwaningo lwe-logic ka-Aristotelian, singahlola izisekelo zokucabanga komuntu futhi siqonde ukuthi ithuthuke futhi yavela kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

2. Ama-Syllogisms kanye nendima yawo eyinhloko ku-Aristotelian logic

Ama-Syllogisms ayingxenye eyinhloko ku-Aristotelian logic futhi adlala indima ebalulekile ekucabangeni okudonsayo. I-sylogism iwukungqubuzana okunengqondo okuhlanganisa izakhiwo ezimbili nesiphetho, futhi isekelwe ebudlelwaneni bokuqukethwe phakathi kwamagama asetshenzisiwe. La magama angahlukaniswa abe yizigaba ezintathu: umenziwa, isilandiso kanye nethemu ephakathi.

Ukuqonda nokusebenzisa ama-sylogisms we ngempumelelo, kubalulekile ukwazi imithetho namafomu asungulwe ngu-Aristotle. Kunezinhlobo ezine eziyisisekelo zama-syllogisms, ngalinye linemithetho yalo yokufaneleka. Lezi zimo zaziwa njengezibalo ze-syllogism futhi zimelelwa izinhlamvu nezinombolo ukukhomba imigomo nezakhiwo.

Uma uhlobo lwe-syllogism seluhlonziwe futhi izakhiwo sezisunguliwe, isinyathelo esilandelayo siwukusebenzisa imithetho ye-inference ukuze kufinyelelwe esiphethweni esivumelekile. Le mithetho ihlanganisa umthetho wokungahlangani, isimiso sobunikazi kanye nomgomo wokungangqubuzani. Ngokulandela ngokucophelela le mithetho, umuntu anganquma ukuthi i-syllogism ivumelekile noma ayivumelekile, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ahlole amandla engxabano. Ukwenza izibonelo ze-syllogism nokuzijwayeza kungaba yindlela enhle yokujwayela le mithetho futhi uthuthukise ikhono lakho lokuyisebenzisa. ngempumelelo.

3. Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-sylogisms kanye nesakhiwo sawo esinengqondo

Ama-Syllogisms ama-agumenti e-deductive ahlanganisa izakhiwo ezimbili nesiphetho, lapho kwakhiwa khona ubuhlobo phakathi kwemiqondo emibili noma imibono. Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-syllogisms kususelwa esakhiweni sawo esinengqondo futhi ahlukaniswe abe izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ngokuya ngezimpawu zawo eziyisisekelo.

Enye yezindlela ezaziwa kakhulu zokuhlukanisa yilezo ezihlongozwe u-Aristotle, ozihlukanisa zibe izibalo ezintathu nezindlela ezine. Izibalo zibhekisela ekumeni kwamatemu ezakhiweni nasesiphethoni, kuyilapho izindlela zibhekisela ekusatshalalisweni kwamagama eziphakamisweni. Isibonelo, imodi ye-AAA ithathwa njenge-syllogism evumelekile, kuyilapho imodi ye-EAO ithathwa njengengavumelekile.

Okunye ukuhlukaniswa okubalulekile kusekelwe enanini nekhwalithi yamagama ezakhiweni futhi kwaziwa ngokuthi inani kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwekhwalithi. Kulolu hlelo, ama-syllogisms ahlukaniswa njengawamazwe ngamazwe noma akhethekile futhi aqinisekisayo noma abi. Isibonelo, i-universal affirmative syllogism imelwa ifomula i-AAI.

4. Amagama anengqondo kanye nomsebenzi wawo ku-Aristotelian logic

I-Aristotelian logic isekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwamagama anengqondo okuhlaziya nokuqonda izimpikiswano. La magama anomsebenzi oyisisekelo kulesi simiso sokucabanga, njengoba asivumela ukuba sakhe ubudlelwano obunengqondo phakathi kwemiqondo neziphakamiso ezahlukene.

Elinye lamagama anengqondo abaluleke kakhulu ku-Aristotelian logic "isihloko." Isihloko yilokho okukhulunywa ngakho esihlokweni noma esitatimendeni. Iwumqondo noma ibhizinisi okuthize okuqinisekiswa ngalo noma okunqatshelwe ngalo. Isibonelo, esihlokweni esithi "Wonke amakati ayizilwane ezincelisayo," isihloko sithi "amakati." Kusuka kumagama anengqondo njengesihloko lapho kungakhiwa khona izigaba nezigaba.

Elinye igama eliyisisekelo elithi "predicate." Isilandiso yilokho okuqinisekiswayo noma okunqatshelwe ngesihloko esihlokweni. Kungumqondo noma umbono osuselwe kusihloko. Ukuqhubeka nesibonelo sangaphambilini, esihlokweni esithi "Wonke amakati ayizilwane ezincelisayo", isilandiso sithi "bayizilwane ezincelisayo". Kungamagama anengqondo njengesilandiso lapho ubudlelwano bokufakwa noma ukungafakwa phakathi kwezigaba ezahlukene bungasungulwa.

5. Izigaba ze-Aristotelian: Ithuluzi eliyisisekelo lokuhlukaniswa kolwazi

Izigaba ze-Aristotelian ziyithuluzi eliyisisekelo lokuhlukanisa kanye nokuhlelwa kolwazi. Lezi zigaba, ezihlongozwe isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki u-Aristotle, zinikeza isakhiwo somqondo esivumela ukuthi sihlaziye ngokuhlelekile futhi siqonde umhlaba osizungezile.

Isigaba sokuqala siyinto, okubhekiselwe entweni ngayinye noma izinhlangano, okungukuthi, lokho okukhona ngokwako. Isibonelo, isihlalo noma itafula yizinto ngoba ziyizinhlangano ezinobukhona bazo. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi i-substance iyisici esiyisisekelo futhi ezinye izigaba zihlobene nayo ngandlela-thile..

Isigaba sesibili ubuningi, okusho isilinganiso noma ubukhulu bento. Singakhuluma ngenani lesisindo kwento noma inani lemali esinayo. Ubuningi busivumela ukuba silinganise futhi siqhathanise izinto ezahlukene.

Isigaba sesithathu ikhwalithi, ebhekisela ezicini noma ezicini zento ethile. Singakhuluma ngekhwalithi komkhiqizo, ebhekisela ezingeni layo lobuhle, isibonelo. Ikhwalithi isisiza ukuthi sihlukanise futhi sihlukanise izinto ezihlukene ngokusekelwe kuzakhiwo zazo..

Lezi zigaba ezintathu ze-Aristotle ziyisiqalo nje sesistimu yokuhlukanisa ebanzi futhi eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngazo, singahlela futhi sihlaziye ulwazi ngokuphumelelayo, sisungula ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto, amanani kanye nezimfanelo. Ukusebenzisa lezi zigaba kusinikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuhlukanisa ulwazi futhi kusivumela ukuthi siqonde kangcono umhlaba osizungezile..

6. Umgomo wokungaphikisani nokubaluleka kwawo ku-Aristotelian logic

Umgomo wokungaphikisani ungomunye wezimiso eziyisisekelo ku-Aristotelian logic. Lesi simiso sithi isiphakamiso ngeke sibe yiqiniso futhi singamanga. ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngamanye amazwi, isitatimende asikwazi ukuziphikisa. Kuyisimiso esiphusile esisekela ukucabanga okuncishisiwe futhi sibalulekile ukuze kuhambisane nokuvumelana emcabangweni ophusile.

Ngomqondo we-Aristotelian, isimiso sokungangqubuzani sisetshenziswa njengendlela yokunquma ukufaneleka kwe-agumenti. Uma impikiswano yephula lesi simiso, ithathwa njengengavumelekile futhi ayimukelwa njengokucabanga okunengqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimiso sokungangqubuzani sihlobene neminye imiqondo ebalulekile enengqondo, njengomthetho wendawo engabaliwe kanye nesimiso sobunikazi.

Ukubaluleka kwesimiso sokungaphikisani kusekhonweni laso lokuqinisekisa ukuvumelana okunengqondo ekucabangeni kwethu. Ngokusebenzisa lesi simiso, singagwema ukungqubuzana okunengqondo kanye nokuphikisana emazwini ethu nezimpikiswano. Ngale ndlela, singakwazi ukwakha uhlelo olunengqondo oluqinile noluthembekile olusivumela ukuthi senze imibono evumelekile futhi ehambisanayo. Kafushane, umgomo wokungaphikisani uyinsika eyisisekelo ye-Aristotelian logic futhi udlala indima ebalulekile emcabangweni ophusile kanye nokucabanga okunengqondo.

7. Imiqondo yokuqinisekisa nokuphika ku-Aristotelian logic kanye nomthelela wabo ekucabangeni.

Ku-logic ye-Aristotelian, imiqondo yokuqinisekisa nokuphika ibalulekile ekucabangeni okudonsela phansi. Le mibono ibhekisela endleleni okusungulwa ngayo iqiniso noma amanga esiphakamiso. Ukuqinisekisa kuyisiphakamiso esithathwa njengeqiniso, kanti ukuphika kuyisiphakamiso esithathwa njengamanga. Le mibono isetshenziselwa ukwakha izimpikiswano eziqinile neziyiqiniso.

Ngomqondo we-Aristotelian, isitatimende sivezwa ngokusebenzisa igama elithi "is" noma elilingana nalo kwezinye izilimi, kulandelwa isibaluli esinikezwe isihloko. Isibonelo, esitatimendeni esithi "Isibhakabhaka siluhlaza," kushiwo ukuthi isici esithi "blue" sisebenza esihlokweni esithi "isibhakabhaka." Lesi sakhiwo sisivumela ukuthi sakhe ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto kanye nezici ezizichazayo. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi isitatimende singaba yiqiniso noma amanga, kodwa hhayi kokubili. ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuphika ku-Aristotelian logic kuvezwa ngokusebenzisa amagama anjengokuthi "hhayi" noma "akunjalo" kulandelwa imfanelo engalungile. Isibonelo, ekuphikisaneni "Isibhakabhaka asibomvu," kuthiwa isici "esibomvu" asisebenzi esihlokweni esithi "isibhakabhaka." Ukuphika kusivumela ukuthi silahle izitatimende ezithile futhi sifinyelele iziphetho ngokusekelwe kulokho okungelona iqiniso. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuqinisekiswa nokuphika kwakho akukwazi kokubili ukuba yiqiniso ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngokulandela isimiso sokungaphikisani.

8. I-Aristotelian logic kanye nobudlelwano bayo nefilosofi yesayensi

I-Aristotelian logic igatsha lefilosofi elihlaziya ukuthi ulwazi lufinyelelwa kanjani ngokubonisana nokubonisana. Lo mqondo usekelwe ezimisweni ezisungulwe ngu-Aristotle emsebenzini wakhe othi "Organon", lapho asungula khona uhlelo oluhlelekile lokucabanga ngokudonsela phansi. I-Aristotelian logic ibe yisisekelo kufilosofi yesayensi, njengoba inikeza amathuluzi adingekayo ukuze kuhlolwe ubuqiniso nokuhambisana kwezimpikiswano zesayensi.

Kufilosofi yesayensi, indlela yesayensi incike ezimisweni ezinengqondo neziphusile ukuze kufinyelelwe esiphethweni mayelana nomhlaba wemvelo. I-Aristotelian logic idlala indima ebalulekile kule nqubo, njengoba ihlinzeka ngemithetho yokuqagela okuvumelekile kanye nobufakazi bokudonswa kwemali. Ngokusebenzisa ama-syllogisms, okuwuhlobo lokucabanga okunciphisayo, ubudlelwano bembangela bungasungulwa futhi kusungulwe imibono yesayensi. Lawa ma-syllogisms asekelwe ezimisweni zika-Aristotelian zokuthi ungubani, ukungaphikisani nokungabandakanyi phakathi.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kokucabanga kuka-Aristotelian kanye nefilosofi yesayensi bubonakala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, njengokwakhiwa nokuhlolwa kwemibono yesayensi, ukuhlonza amaphutha anengqondo ekucabangeni kwesayensi, nokuchazwa nokuxhumana kwemiphumela yesayensi. I-Aristotelian logic ihlinzeka ngesisekelo esiqinile sempikiswano yesayensi, eqinisekisa ukuhambisana nokuba yiqiniso kwezimpikiswano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusivumela ukuba sihlonze amaphutha anengqondo kanye nokuchema okunengqondo okungahlanekezela ukucabanga kwesayensi. Ngakho-ke, ulwazi lwe-Aristotelian logic lubalulekile ukuze uqonde futhi usebenzise ifilosofi yesayensi ngendlela eqinile negxekayo.

9. Ukugxekwa kwanamuhla komqondo ka-Aristotelian namaphutha ayo

Ukugxeka kwanamuhla kokucabanga kuka-Aristotelian kuye kwembula amaphutha ahlukahlukene ohlelweni olwakhiwa isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki. Okunye ukugxeka okuyinhloko ukuthi ukucabanga kuka-Aristotelian kusekelwe ohlelweni olunambambili lwezigaba eziqinile, olukhawulela ikhono layo lokubhekana nobunzima nokungaqondakali okukhona ezinkingeni ezithile.

Okunye ukugxeka okuyinhloko kwe-Aristotelian logic ukungakwazi kwayo ukuphatha ingqondo engaqondakali. Nakuba ingqondo ka-Aristotelian ihlukanisa izinto zibe izigaba ezinembayo nezikhethekile, ingqondo engaqondakali ibona ukuthi kungenzeka amadigri amaphakathi. Isibonelo, isitatimende esithi "leli gumbi liyashisa" alikwazi ukufakwa kusigaba njengeliqiniso noma amanga ngokomqondo ka-Aristotelian, njengoba umngcele ophakathi kokushisayo nokungashisi awuchazwa ngokucacile.

Okunye ukugxeka okubalulekile komqondo ka-Aristotelian ukuthambekela kwayo kokuwela emangeni anengqondo. Isibonelo, i-agumenti ye-ad ignorantiam iqukethe ukusho ukuthi into ethile iyiqiniso ngoba akuzange kutholakale ukuthi kungamanga, noma okuphambene nalokho. Lolu hlobo lokucabanga lungabhekwa njengephutha, ngoba alusekelwe ebufakazini obuqinile noma ebufakazini. Lokhu kushiyeka kokucabanga kwe-Aristotelian kuye kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela ezintsha ezifana ne-modal logic, i-deontic logic kanye ne-non-classical logic, efuna ukunqoba le mikhawulo futhi yandise ububanzi be-logic ezindaweni ezahlukene zolwazi.

10. Ukwamukelwa kanye nefa lomqondo we-Aristotelian kufilosofi yesimanje

I-Aristotelian logic iye yafundwa kabanzi futhi yaziswa kakhulu kufilosofi yangaleso sikhathi ngenxa yokwamukelwa kwayo okuhlaba umxhwele kanye nefa. Indlela yakhe ehlelekile neqinile yokwakheka kokubonisana ibe nethonya elikhulu emikhakheni eminingi eminingi yefilosofi nesayensi.

Okokuqala, ukwamukelwa kwe-logic ye-Aristotelian kungaqokonyiswa kufilosofi yokuhlaziya, lapho isibe yithuluzi eliyisisekelo lokuhlaziya nokuxazulula izinkinga. Izazi zefilosofi zesimanje ziye zasebenzisa izimiso ezinengqondo zika-Aristotelian ukuze zihlole futhi zihlole izimpikiswano, zihlonze amaphutha futhi zimise isisekelo esiqinile sempikiswano enengqondo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifa le-Aristotelian logic liye lanwebela emikhakheni efana nefilosofi yesayensi kanye nokukhuluma. Kufilosofi yesayensi, ukusetshenziswa kwe-Aristotelian logic kuye kwavumela ukuthuthukiswa kwethiyori kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwemibono yesayensi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ekutadisheni kwe-rhetoric, izimiso zika-Aristotelian ziye zaba yisisekelo ekuhlaziyweni kokuncenga kanye nenkulumo ekhohlisayo, ehlinzeka ngesakhiwo esiqinile sokuqonda nokuhlola ukuphumelela kwezimpikiswano zokukhuluma.

Ngamafuphi, ziyaphawuleka ngenxa yethonya lazo emikhakheni efana nefilosofi yokuhlaziya, ifilosofi yesayensi, kanye nokukhuluma. Izimiso zayo ezinengqondo ezihlelekile neziqinile zinikeze isisekelo esiqinile sokuhlaziya okunengqondo, ukuqinisekiswa kwesayensi, nokuhlola okukholisayo. I-Aristotelian logic iyaqhubeka nokuba yithuluzi eliyisisekelo ocwaningweni lwamanje lwefilosofi nokusebenza.

11. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Aristotelian logic ekutadisheni izinhlelo ezisemthethweni

I-Aristotelian logic idlala indima ebalulekile ocwaningweni lwezinhlelo ezisemthethweni ngenxa yekhono layo lokuhlinzeka ngohlaka oluhlelekile noluqinile lokuhlaziya nokuqonda lezi zinhlelo. Lolu hlobo lokucabanga, olwathuthukiswa isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki u-Aristotle, lusekelwe emalini ebanjwayo nasekusetshenzisweni kweziphakamiso zezigaba ukuze kutholakale iziphetho eziyiqiniso.

Ukusebenzisa ingqondo ye-Aristotelian ekutadisheni izinhlelo ezisemthethweni, kubalulekile ukuqonda izingxenye zayo eziyinhloko. Lokhu kufaka phakathi imiqondo yesiphakamiso, ithemu kanye ne-sylogism. Isiphakamiso isitatimende esingaba iqiniso noma amanga, kuyilapho igama libhekisela kumqondo othile noma ibhizinisi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-syllogism iwukucabanga okunciphisayo okuqukethe izakhiwo ezimbili nesiphetho.

Lapho ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kwe-Aristotelian logic sekutholakele, amathuluzi ahlukahlukene namasu angasetshenziswa ukuhlaziya kanye ukuxazulula izinkinga ezinhlelweni ezisemthethweni. Ukusebenzisa imidwebo ye-Venn namathebula eqiniso kungasiza ukubona ngeso lengqondo nokuhlola ukufaneleka kwezimpikiswano. Kuwusizo futhi ukusebenzisa imithetho nezimiso ezinengqondo, njengomthetho wobunikazi kanye nomthetho wendawo engabaliwe emaphakathi, ukuze kusungulwe ubudlelwano phakathi kweziphakamiso nokufinyelela eziphethweni eziqinile. Ukwengeza, hlola izibonelo futhi usebenzise ukucabanga okunciphisayo Igxathu emvakwe gxathu kungaba isu elisebenzayo lokuqonda nokuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi.

12. I-Aristotelian logic kanye nokusebenza kwayo ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezingokoqobo

13. Iminikelo ye-Aristotelian logic kufilosofi yolimi nesemantics

I-Aristotelian logic ibe negalelo elikhulu kufilosofi yolimi nesemantiki, njengoba inikeza uhlaka lomqondo oluqinile lokuhlaziya nokuqonda ukuthi ulimi lusebenza kanjani nokuthi luhlobana kanjani nomhlaba. Elinye lamagalelo aphawuleka kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwethiyori yamatemu nezilandiso, okusungula izisekelo zokuqonda izincazelo zamagama esimweni esithile. Le thiyori igcizelela ukuthi amatemu angahlukaniswa abe yizigaba ezahlukahlukene nokuthi izilandiso zisho izakhiwo noma izici zamagama.

Omunye umnikelo obalulekile we-Aristotelian logic ukuthuthukiswa kwemithetho nezimiso zokuthintwa okuvumelekile. Ngokuka-Aristotle, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokucatshangelwa ezilungile nezilungile. Le mithetho nezimiso, ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-syllogisms, zisivumela ukuthi sinqume ukuthi impikiswano ivumelekile noma cha. Ama-Syllogisms akhiwa izakhiwo nesiphetho, futhi alandela ukwakheka okunengqondo okuqinile okuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kokucabanga.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela yokucabanga ye-Aristotelian nayo ibe negalelo ku-semantics ngokunikeza isisekelo socwaningo lwesakhiwo nokwakheka kwemisho. Ithiyori yezigaba zohlelo lolimi eyakhiwe ngu-Aristotle ibeka ukuthi amagama angahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene, njengamabizo, izenzo, izichasiso, njll. Lezi zigaba zidlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni incazelo yemisho nendlela iziphakamiso zakhiwe ngayo. Ngakho-ke, ingqondo ka-Aristotelian inikeze isisekelo esiqinile sokuhlaziya nokuqonda ulimi ngokombono we-semantic. [END

14. Iziphetho: Ukucabangisisa kokugcina mayelana nokuba semthethweni nokufaneleka komqondo we-Aristotelian kumongo wesimanje

I-Aristotelian logic ibe yindaba yenkulumo-mpikiswano kanye nokuzindla phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, futhi ukuba semthethweni kwayo esimweni sanamuhla kuyindaba efanelekile. Ngocwaningo oluningiliziwe lwezimiso nezakhiwo zalo, singakwazi ukubona ukuthi lo mqondo ungasetshenziswa kanjani ekuhlaziyeni nasekucabangeni kwezimo ezihlukahlukene esimweni sethu samanje.

Esinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani i-logic ka-Aristotelian ihlala ibalulekile yikhono layo lokusungula ubudlelwano obucacile nobuhambisanayo kanye nezakhiwo zomcabango. Ukugxila kwayo ezigabeni, ama-syllogisms, kanye nezimiso zokucabanga okuncishisiwe kunikeza uhlaka oluqinile lokuqonda izenzakalo ezihlukene. Ngokusebenzisa ingqondo ka-Aristotelian singahlola iziphakamiso, izimpikiswano neziphetho ngendlela enemininingwane necophelela, okuvumela ukuqonda okuqinile nokuqinile kwezindlela zethu.

Kumongo wamanje, i-Aristotelian logic iphinde isinikeze ithuluzi lokuhlonza nokuhlola izimpikiswano ezivumelekile neziqinile. Ukuhlaziya okunengqondo kusivumela ukuba sihlukanise phakathi kwezindawo eziyiqiniso nezingamanga, kanye nokuhlonza amaphutha namaphutha ekucabangeni. Lawa mandla okuqonda abalulekile ikakhulukazi esikhathini sethu sokufinyelela okusheshayo nokukhulu olwazini, lapho nsuku zonke sihlushwa izingxabano zezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene. I-Aristotelian logic isisiza ukuthi sihlunge futhi sihlole lawa ma-agumenti ngendlela eqondile futhi eqinile, siqinise amandla ethu okugxeka nawokuhlaziya.

Sengiphetha, ingqondo ka-Aristotelian ime njengohlelo oluqinile nolunembayo lokutadisha ukucabanga okunengqondo. Lo mbono, owathuthukiswa isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki u-Aristotle, uye wakhuthazela phakathi namakhulu eminyaka futhi uye waba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni okwalandela kokucabanga okunengqondo nefilosofi yaseNtshonalanga.

I-Aristotelian logic isekelwe kumgomo wobunikazi, uMthetho Wesithathu Ongabandakanyi kanye nomgomo wokungangqubuzani, ngaleyo ndlela yakhe isistimu edonselayo evumela ukuthi iziphetho zicatshangwe kusukela ezakhiweni ezakhiwe ngendlela efanele. Ngamathuluzi ayo, njengama-syllogisms nezigaba, ingqondo ka-Aristotelian isinikeze indlela eqinile yokuhlaziya nokuhlola izimpikiswano emikhakheni eyahlukene yolwazi.

Naphezu kweminyaka yayo, ingqondo ka-Aristotelian isasebenza nanamuhla, ithola ukusetshenziswa hhayi kuphela kwifilosofi, kodwa nasezifundweni ezifana nezibalo, izilimi, ukuhlakanipha okungekhona okwangempela kanye nesayensi yekhompyutha. Indlela yayo ehlelekile kanye nokugcizelela ukuhambisana nokuvumelana kokucabanga kuyenza ibe ithuluzi elibalulekile lokufunda nokuxazulula izinkinga ezinengqondo.

Kafushane, i-logic ka-Aristotelian yethulwa njengesiyalo esiyisisekelo ekuqondeni izinqubo zokucabanga kanye nokuhlaziywa okusemthethweni kwezimpikiswano. Indlela yayo eqinile nezimiso ezinengqondo ezinengqondo zishiye ifa elihlala njalo emlandweni ubuhlakani, okufakazela ukuba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kolwazi nasemandleni omuntu okucabanga ngendlela efanele.