Isihloko Kuyini Ukubunjwa Nezibonelo

Isingeniso:

Emhlabeni omkhulu wesayensi, isiyalo esidonsa ukunaka kwethu futhi sivuse ilukuluku lethu yindaba kanye nokwakheka kwayo. Indaba yiyo yonke into esizungezile, kusukela ezintweni ezincane kakhulu kuye ezakhiweni ezinhle kakhulu ezakha umkhathi wethu. Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, ososayensi baye bahlolisisa ukwakheka kanye izakhiwo zezinto ukwembula izimfihlakalo zendawo yethu yemvelo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ngokujulile ukuthi iyini indaba, ukwakheka kwayo kanye nezibonelo eziyinhloko ezizosisiza ukuba siqonde kangcono izici ezibalulekile zalo mkhakha wesayensi othakazelisayo. Hlanganyela nathi kulolu hambo ngesihloko futhi uvumele isayensi iveze izimfihlo zayo ezijulile kithi.

1. Isingeniso sesihloko: umqondo kanye nezici ezibalulekile

Isingeniso sesihloko isinyathelo sokuqala sokuqonda nokubhekana nanoma yisiphi isihloko. Lesi sigaba sinikeza isifinyezo somqondo kanye nezici ezibalulekile zesifundo.

Okokuqala nje, kubalulekile ukuchaza umqondo wendaba. Ingaqondwa njengeqoqo lolwazi namakhono athile esihlokweni esithile. Isihloko sinikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuqonda nokusebenzisa izimiso nemibono ehlobene nesihloko esishiwo.

Ngokufanayo, kuyafaneleka ukugqamisa izici ezibalulekile zesifundo. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukuhambisana kwayo emkhakheni wezemfundo, umthelela wayo kwezinye izindawo zokufunda kanye nokusebenza kwayo. empilweni yangempela. Ukwengeza, izinto ezibalulekile noma izingxenye ezakha isifundo zingabalulwa, kanye namakhono nekhono okulindeleke ukuthi kuthuthukiswe lapho kufundwa.

Kafushane, isingeniso sesihloko sinikeza isifinyezo somqondo kanye nezici ezibalulekile zesifundo. Lesi sigaba sibalulekile ukuze kwakhiwe izisekelo zocwaningo lwanoma isiphi isihloko futhi siqonde ukubaluleka kwaso nokusebenza ezimeni ezahlukene.

2. Ama-elementi nezinhlanganisela: izisekelo zokwakheka kwendaba

Udaba olusizungezile lwakhiwe izakhi nezinhlanganisela ezakha isisekelo sokubunjwa kwayo. Ama-elementi ayizinto ezimsulwa ezingakwazi ukuhlukaniswa zibe izinto ezilula ngokuhlangana kwamakhemikhali. Kunezinto eziyi-118 ezaziwayo kuze kube manje, ngayinye inazo izakhiwo zayo nezici eziyingqayizivele.

Izinhlanganisela, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ziyinhlanganisela yezinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ngezilinganiso ezichaziwe. Lezi zakhi zibopha ngamakhemikhali ukuze zenze ama-molecule noma ama-ion anezakhiwo ezihlukile kunezakhi ngazinye. Izinhlanganisela zingakhiwa ngokusabela kwamakhemikhali, lapho izakhi zihlanganisa noma zephule izibopho zamakhemikhali.

Ukutadisha izakhi namakhompiyutha kubalulekile kumakhemikhali, ngoba kusivumela ukuthi siqonde ukuthi zakhiwe kanjani, ukuthi zixhumana kanjani nomunye nomunye nokuthi izinto ezintsha zingatholakala kanjani kuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwazi lwezakhi nezinhlanganisela lusisiza ukuthi siqonde izici nokuziphatha kwento ezimweni ezihlukahlukene. Kafushane, ukutadisha izakhi nezinhlanganisela kunikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuqonda amakhemikhali. kanye nezinhlelo zayo zokusebenza emikhakheni ehlukene.

3. Izinto ezibonakalayo namakhemikhali ezinto: ukubukeka okujulile

Izakhiwo zomzimba kanye namakhemikhali ezinto ziyizici ezisivumela ukuthi sichaze futhi siqonde izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto ezikhona. emhlabeni. Lezi zakhiwo zihlobene nezici eziqaphelekayo nezilinganisekayo zodaba, kokubili ngokuya ngesakhiwo nokuziphatha kwayo nokuphinda kusebenze.

Izakhiwo zomzimba zibhekisela kulezo zici esingazikala ngaphandle kokushintsha ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ento. Ezinye izibonelo zalezi zakhiwo yilezi:

• Masa: inani lendaba elikhona entweni.
• Umthamo: isikhala esithathwe into.
• Iphuzu lokubilisa: izinga lokushisa lapho into idlula khona isuka kuketshezi iye endaweni enegesi.
• Densidad: ubudlelwane phakathi kwesisindo nomthamo wento.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zihlobene namandla okuthi into isabele noma ihlangane nezinye izinto futhi iguquke ibe izinto ezintsha. Ezinye izibonelo zalezi zakhiwo yilezi:

• Ukuvutha: ikhono lento yokusha.
• Ukusebenza kabusha: ikhono lento ethile yokusabela nezinye izinto futhi yakhe inhlanganisela entsha.
• i-pH: isilinganiso se-acidity noma isisekelo sento.
• Ukuxutshwa kwe-oksijini: ikhono lento ukulahlekelwa ama-electron ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda lezi zakhiwo ukuze ukwazi ukubona, ukuhlukanisa nokuqonda ukuziphatha kwezinto ezimweni ezahlukene. Ucwaningo lwezakhiwo ezingokoqobo namakhemikhali ezinto zisisiza siqonde ukuthi izinto ezahlukene endaweni yethu zixhumana kanjani nokuthi singazisebenzisa kanjani lezi zakhiwo ukuze sithuthukise ubuchwepheshe obusha futhi sithuthukise izinga lethu lokuphila.

4. Ukubunjwa kwendaba: isakhiwo nokuhleleka ezingeni le-athomu

Ukwakheka kwendaba kubhekise esakhiweni nasekuhlelekeni kwama-athomu, okungamayunithi ayisisekelo ento. Ezingeni le-athomu, i-matter yenziwe izinhlayiya ze-subatomic, njengama-proton, ama-neutron, nama-electron. Lezi zinhlayiya ziyasebenzisana futhi zinqume izakhiwo nezici zento.

Isakhiwo se-athomu siqukethe i-nucleus equkethe ama-proton ne-neutron, ezungezwe ifu lama-electron azungeza i-nucleus kumazinga athile wamandla. Inani lama-proton ku-nucleus linquma inombolo ye-athomu ye-athomu, kuyilapho isamba samaphrothoni ne-neutron sinquma isisindo sayo se-athomu.

Ukuhleleka ezingeni le-athomu kuphinde kusho ukuthi kukhona izinhlayiya ezincane ze-subatomic, njengama-quark, okuyizakhi eziyisisekelo zama-proton nama-neutron. Ukwengeza, ama-athomu ahlangana ndawonye ukuze akhe ama-molecule, angaba mancane futhi abe lula noma abe makhulu futhi abe yinkimbinkimbi. Indlela ama-athomu ahlanganiswa ngayo ku-molecule inqunywa ubunjalo nenani lamabhondi amakhemikhali akha phakathi kwawo.

5. Izinhlobo zezinto ngokusho kokwakheka kwazo: izakhi, izinhlanganisela nezingxube

Kukhona eziningana. Kubalulekile ukuqonda lezi zigaba, njengoba zisivumela ukuthi siqonde izici nokuziphatha kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezimweni ezahlukahlukene.

I izinto Ziyizinto ezimsulwa ezingakwazi ukubola zibe izinto ezilula ngezindlela zamakhemikhali. Ethebulani le-periodic, sithola uhlu lwazo zonke izakhi ezaziwayo kuze kube manje, ngayinye imelelwe uphawu. Lezi zici zingathula izimo ezihlukene zokuhlanganisa nezici zesici ezizenza zihluke.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i- compuestos Ziyizinto ezakhiwe ngokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ngezilinganiso ezimisiwe nezichaziwe. Lezi zinto zinezici nezici ezihlukile kulezo zezakhi eziziqambayo. Izinhlanganisela zimelelwa amafomula amakhemikhali futhi zingaboliswa ngezindlela zamakhemikhali zibe izakhi zazo.

Ngokuphathelene ne- izingxube, ziyinhlanganisela ebonakalayo yezinto ezahlukene lapho izingxenye zigcina khona izici zazo ngazinye. Engxubeni, izingxenye zingaba khona kunoma iyiphi ingxenye. Izingxube zingaba yi-homogeneous, lapho izingxenye zisakazwa ngokulinganayo, noma ezingafani, lapho izingxenye zisezigabeni ezihlukene futhi zingahlukaniswa ngeso lenyama.

6. Izibonelo zokwakheka kwendaba ekuphileni kwansuku zonke

Ukwakheka kwendaba kuwumqondo oyisisekelo kukhemistri futhi kudlala indima ebalulekile ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke. Ngezansi kuzokwethulwa izibonelo ezintathu ezivelele zendlela esingabuka ngayo ukwakheka kwendaba ezimweni ezihlukahlukene zansuku zonke.

1. En la cocina: Esinye sezibonelo ezivame kakhulu zokubunjwa kwendaba sitholakala ekuphekeni. Uma sihlanganisa izithako ezinjengofulawa, ushukela, amaqanda, nobisi ukuze senze inhlama yekhekhe, sihlanganisa izinto ezihlukahlukene ezinezici zazo zamakhemikhali. Njengoba ishisa kuhhavini, lezi zithako zishintsha ngokomzimba namakhemikhali, zakha into entsha: ikhekhe elimnandi.

2. Kuyo amanzi okuphuza: Amanzi esiwasebenzisa nsuku zonke ukuphuza, ukupheka nokuhlanza nawo ayisibonelo sokubunjwa kwento. Nakuba ebonakala engenambala futhi engenaphunga, amanzi akhiwa amangqamuzana e-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo. Ukwengeza, ezifundeni eziningi, izinto ezifana ne-chlorine ne-fluoride ziyengezwa ukuze ziyihlanze futhi zilenze liphephe ukusetshenziswa abantu. Lokhu kwakheka kwamakhemikhali kuyisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi esiwasebenzisayo awekhwalithi.

3. ekwakhekeni kwamadwala: Amatshe esiwathola endaweni yethu aphinde abe umphumela wokwakheka kwezinto phakathi kwezigidi zeminyaka. Isibonelo, i-granite iyidwala elivuthayo elakhiwe ngamaminerali afana ne-quartz, i-feldspar, ne-mica. Lawa amaminerali akhiwa ngezinqubo ezahlukene ze-geological, njengokuqiniswa kwe-magma. Ukwakheka kwento emadwaleni kubalulekile ukuze uqonde ukwakheka kwawo kanye nokumelana kwawo namandla emvelo ahlukene.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi ukwakheka kwendaba kukhona kanjani ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke, kusukela ekhishini kuya ekhishini indawo ezungezile esisizungezile. Ukwazi nokuqonda ukwakheka kwendaba kusivumela ukuthi sazise kangcono umhlaba osizungezile futhi siqonde ukuthi sisebenzisana kanjani nawo.

7. Ukwakheka kanye nezakhiwo zezinto ezisetshenziswa embonini

Embonini, ukwakheka kanye nezakhiwo zezinto ezisetshenziswayo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni nasezingeni lemikhiqizo. Lezi zinto kufanele zihlangabezane nezidingo ezithile kanye nezici ezithile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwazo nokusebenza kahle ezinqubweni zezimboni. Ngezansi, ezinye izici ezibalulekile mayelana nokwakheka kanye nezakhiwo zezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu embonini zizochazwa kabanzi.

Ukwakheka kwezinto ezisetshenziswa embonini kungahluka kakhulu kuye ngohlobo lomkhiqizo noma inqubo ezisetshenziswa ngayo. Ezinye zezinto ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa izinsimbi, amapulasitiki, izitsha zobumba, nezinhlanganisela. Ngayinye yalezi zinto inezinto ezithile ezizenza zifanelekele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene. Isibonelo, izinsimbi zaziwa ngamandla azo, ukuqina, kanye ne-thermal conductivity, kuyilapho amapulasitiki engasindi, aguquguqukayo, futhi afaka ugesi.

Izakhiwo zezinto zokwakha nazo zidlala indima enkulu ekusetshenzisweni kwazo embonini. Lezi zakhiwo zingaba ezibonakalayo, zemishini, zamakhemikhali noma ezishisayo. Ezinye zezakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu zifaka amandla, i-ductility, i-conductivity, ukuminyana, i-absorbency, nokumelana nokugqoka. Lezi zakhiwo zinquma ukuthi izinto ezisetshenziswayo ziziphatha kanjani ngaphansi kwezimo nemithwalo ehlukene, okubalulekile ekwakhiweni nasekukhiqizweni kwemikhiqizo ephephile nesebenzayo.

8. Ukwakheka kwendaba emkhakheni webhayoloji: ama-biomolecules namaseli

Emkhakheni wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, i-matter yakhiwa izinhlobonhlobo zama-biomolecules namaseli enza imisebenzi ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezidalwa eziphilayo. Ama-biomolecules, njengama-carbohydrate, ama-lipids, amaprotheni nama-nucleic acid, ayizisekelo zokwakha ukuphila. La ma-molecule ahlangana namanye akhe izakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengamangqamuzana.

Amaseli angamayunithi ayisisekelo empilo futhi angaba khona ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: amaseli e-prokaryotic namaseli e-eukaryotic. Amaseli e-Prokaryotic alula futhi awanayo i-nucleus echaziwe, kuyilapho amangqamuzana e-eukaryotic eyinkimbinkimbi futhi aqukethe i-nucleus enezakhi zofuzo. Womabili amaseli e-prokaryotic kanye ne-eukaryotic akhiwe ngama-organelle ahlukene kanye nezakhiwo ezikhethekile ezenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ebalulekile emzimbeni.

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Ukufundwa kokwakheka kwezinto ku-biology kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zisebenza kanjani. Ama-biomolecules abandakanyeka ezinqubweni ezibalulekile zebhayoloji, njengokukhiqizwa kwamandla, ukuthuthwa kwezakhi, kanye nokufakwa kwekhodi kolwazi lofuzo. Amangqamuzana wona ayinsika eyisisekelo yokuphila, ngoba anesibopho sokukhula, ukuthuthukiswa nokukhiqizwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Kusetshenziswa amathuluzi namasu okuhlaziya, kungenzeka ukuphenya ukwakheka nokusebenza kwama-biomolecules namaseli, kunikeze ulwazi oluyisisekelo lokuthuthuka kwebhayoloji nemithi.

9. Indaba emnyama: imfihlakalo ekwakhekeni kwendawo yonke

La materia oscura Ingenye yezingqinamba ezinkulu kakhulu ze-astrophysics futhi ucwaningo lwayo kube yisihloko socwaningo olunzulu emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Nakuba ingenakutholwa ngokuqondile, ukuba khona kwayo kungacatshangelwa ethonyeni layo lamandla adonsela phansi endabeni ebonakalayo yendawo yonke. Kulesi sigaba, sizohlola imikhondo nobufakazi obusekela ubukhona bento emnyama nomthelela wako ekwakhiweni kwendawo yonke.

1. Ukuhlola Izinkanyezi: Ukuhlola okwenziwa emkhathini kuye kwanikeza imikhondo eyisisekelo mayelana nendaba emnyama. Ngokwesibonelo, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi imithala ayinyakazi emizileni elindelwe ngokwemithetho ye-classical physics, ebonisa ukuba khona kwamandla adonsela phansi engeziwe abangelwa izinto ezimnyama.

2. Ukuchezuka kwamandla adonsela phansi kokukhanya: Obunye ubufakazi bokuba khona kwezinto ezimnyama busekelwe ekuchezukeni kwamandla adonsela phansi okukhanya. Ukukhanya okuvela ezintweni ezikude "kungakwazi ukugoba" indlela yakho lapho kudlula eduze nenani elikhulu lezinto, njengamaqoqo omthala. Lokhu kuchezuka kukhulu kunalokho obekungalindelwa kumandla adonsela phansi okwenziwa into ebonakalayo iyodwa, okuphakamisa ukuba khona kwenani elibalulekile lezinto ezimnyama kulawa maqoqo.

3. Umthelela ekwandeni kwendawo yonke: Ngaphezu kwemiphumela yawo yasendaweni yamandla adonsela phansi, izinto ezimnyama nazo zinendima ebalulekile ekwandeni kwendawo yonke. Okumnyama kukholakala ukuthi kusebenza njenge "cosmic glue", kubambezela ukwanda kwendawo yonke futhi kuvumele ukwakheka kwezakhiwo ezinkulu, njengemithala kanye namaqoqo omthala.

Ngamafuphi, ukuba khona kwezinto ezimnyama kutholakala ngokusebenzisa imikhondo engaqondile njengokubhekwa kwezinkanyezi, ukugoba okudonsela phansi kokukhanya, kanye nendima yako ekwandiseni indawo yonke. Nakuba kusekuningi okufanele kutholwe futhi kuqondwe ngale ngxenye engaqondakali yendawo yonke, ukucwaninga kwayo kusaqhubeka kuyinselele ethokozisayo kososayensi.

10. Izindlela zokuhlaziya nokunquma ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ento

Ukuze sihlaziye futhi sinqume ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ezinto, kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezisivumela ukuthi sithole ulwazi olunembile mayelana nezakhi nezinhlanganisela ezikhona kusampula. Lezi zindlela zibalulekile emagatsheni ahlukahlukene esayensi, njengamakhemikhali okuhlaziya kanye ne-biochemistry, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwazo kubalulekile ekutadisheni ama-molecule nezinto.

Enye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu i-spectroscopy, evumela ukuhlaziya ukukhanya okumuncwa noma okukhishwa izakhi zamakhemikhali ezahlukene. Ngenxa yale nqubo, kungenzeka ukuthola ulwazi mayelana namazinga wamandla wama-athomu nama-molecule akhona kusampula, okusivumela ukuba sinqume ukwakheka kwawo. I-Spectroscopy ihlanganisa amasu ahlukene, njenge-spectroscopy yokumuncwa, i-emission spectroscopy kanye ne-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Enye indlela esetshenziswa kabanzi i-chromatography, evumela izingxenye ezihlukene ezikhona kusampula ukuthi zihlukaniswe futhi zihlaziywe. Ku le nqubo, isampula iyancibilika ku-solvent futhi ibekwe kukholomu noma ipuleti, lapho i-eluent idluliswa khona. Izingxenye zesampula zihlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ekuhlobaneni kwazo kwe-event, okusivumela ukuthi sikhombe futhi silinganise. I-Chromatography ingasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezihlukene, ezifana ne-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) kanye ne- thin layer chromatography (TLC).

11. Izinguquko ekubunjweni kwendaba: ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kanye nokuguqulwa komzimba

Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kanye nokuguqulwa komzimba kuyizinqubo ezibalulekile lapho izinguquko zenzeka khona ekubunjweni kwendaba. Lezi zinguquko zingabangelwa izici ezihlukahlukene ezifana nokushisa, ukukhanya, ukucindezela noma ukungezwa kwamakhemikhali. Ngalo mqondo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi akhiqizwa kanjani nokuthi yiziphi izici ezihlukanisayo komunye nomunye.

Okokuqala nje, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kuhilela ukwakheka kwezinto ezintsha ezivela kulezo ezikhona. Phakathi nale nqubo, izibopho zamakhemikhali phakathi kwama-athomu ziyaphulwa bese kwakheka izibopho ezintsha, okuholela emikhiqizweni enezakhiwo ezahlukene kunezinto zokuqala. Ukumela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, izilinganiso zamakhemikhali zisetshenziswa lapho ama-reactants nemikhiqizo eboniswa khona, kanye nama-coefficients we-stoichiometric ahambisana nenani elihlobene lapho asabela khona.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuguqulwa komzimba kuhilela izinguquko esimweni somzimba sendaba, njengokuhlangana, ukuhwamuka, ukuqina noma ukufingqa. Kulokhu, akukho ukuguqulwa ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali ezinto ezihilelekile, kodwa kunalokho isimo sazo noma isimo sokuhlanganisa siyashintshwa. Lezi zinguquko zilawulwa yizimiso zefiziksi, njengemithetho yokongiwa kwesisindo namandla.

12. Ukubaluleka kokuqonda ukwakheka kwezinto kusayensi nobuchwepheshe

Ukuqonda ukwakheka kwezinto kubalulekile emkhakheni wesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kuqonda kusivumela ukuthi sihlaziye izakhiwo nokuziphatha kwezinto zokwakha, futhi ngaleyo ndlela sikwazi ukuzisebenzisa ngempumelelo emikhakheni eyahlukene. Kokubili ocwaningweni lwesayensi nasekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe obusha, ukuqonda ukuthi izinto zokwakha zakhiwa kanjani kuyisihluthulelo sokuzuza inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile.

Ukuze uqonde ukwakheka kwezinto, kubalulekile ukwazi izakhi zazo nokuthi zihlelwa kanjani ezingeni le-microscopic. Lokhu kuhilela ukutadisha isakhiwo se-crystalline, izigaba ezahlukene ezikhona kanye nokungcola okungathinta izakhiwo zayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ama-athomu, ama-molecule namabhondi entweni ahlobana kanjani, njengoba lokhu kuzonquma izici nokuziphatha kwayo.

Kunamasu namathuluzi ahlukene asivumela ukuthi sihlaziye ukwakheka kwezinto. Phakathi kwazo, i-spectroscopy, i-electron microscopy kanye ne-diffraction ivelele. I-X-ray. Lawa maqhinga asinika ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nesakhiwo nokwakheka kwezinto, okusivumela ukuthi sibone izingxenye ezikhona futhi sihlole ikhwalithi yazo.

13. Intuthuko yakamuva ocwaningweni lokubunjwa kwendaba

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kube nentuthuko enkulu ocwaningweni lokwakheka kwezinto. Ososayensi bebesebenza kanzima ukuze baqonde kangcono izakhi eziyisisekelo ezakha indawo yonke. Le ntuthuko ifinyelelwe ngenxa yokugxila ku-particle physics kanye ne-cosmology, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuphambili.

Enye yentuthuko ephawuleka kakhulu kule ndawo kube ukuqinisekiswa kwe-Standard Model ye-particle physics. Le modeli ichaza izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zento namandla asebenza phakathi kwazo. Ngokuhlola izisheshisi zezinhlayiyana ezinamandla aphezulu, ososayensi bakwazile ukubona izinhlayiya ze-subatomic ngokunemba okukhulu futhi baqinisekisa ukubikezela kwetiyori kwe-Standard Model.

Ukwengeza, kuye kwatholwa okubalulekile ekusesheni izinhlayiya ezingavamile kanye nemibono ngale kwe-Standard Model. Ososayensi bebephenya ngokuba khona kwezinhlayiya ezifana ne-Higgs boson, okukholakala ukuthi yibo abanikeza ubuningi kwezinye izinhlayiya. Kusetshenziswa ama-collider ezinhlayiyana kanye nezitholi ezizwela kakhulu, kuye kwenziwa izilinganiso ezinembile ukuze kuphenywe ubufakazi balezi zinhlayiya ezingavamile futhi kuqinisekiswe noma kuphikise imibono ehlongozwayo. Le ntuthuko isisondeza ekuqondeni okuphelele okwengeziwe kwesakhiwo esiyisisekelo sezinto kanye nomkhathi uwonke. []

14. Iziphetho: ukuqonda ingqikithi yendaba ngokubunjwa kwayo

Sengiphetha, ukuqonda ingqikithi yendaba ngokubunjwa kwayo kubalulekile esifundweni esingcono nokuhlaziya izakhi ezikhona entweni ehlukene. Phakathi nalesi sihloko, sihlole ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi singabhekana kanjani nale nqubo Igxathu emvakwe gxathu, ukuhlinzeka ngezifundo, amathiphu kanye nezibonelo ezingokoqobo.

Elinye lamathuluzi abalulekile okuqonda ukubunjwa kwendaba ukusetshenziswa kokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali, okusivumela ukuthi sibone izingxenye ezikhona kusampula. Lokhu kuhlaziya kungabandakanya amasu anjenge-spectrometry, i-chromatography ne-spectroscopy, phakathi kokunye. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi inqubo ngayinye inosizo kanye nemikhawulo yayo, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukukhetha efaneleka kakhulu esimweni ngasinye.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, siye sagqamisa ukubaluleka kokulandela indlela yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo lapho sihlaziya ukubunjwa kwento ethile, siqala ngokuthola nokulungiselela kahle isampula, okulandelwa ukusetshenziswa kwamasu okuhlaziya kanye nokuchazwa kwemiphumela etholiwe. Ngokufanayo, siveze ukubaluleka kokucabangela izici ezifana nokunemba nokunemba kwezibalo, kanye nemibhalo efanele yezinqubo ezenziwayo.

Sengiphetha, i-matter iyisisekelo sayo yonke into esizungezile futhi yenziwe ngama-athomu. Ukubunjwa kwendaba kubhekise ezakhini nasezihlanganisweni ezakhayo, kanye nendlela ezihlangana ngayo. Ngokuqonda ukwakheka kwendaba, singaqonda kangcono izici zayo nokuziphatha.

Kulesi sihloko, sihlole izibonelo ezihlukahlukene zokubunjwa kwento, kusukela ezintweni ezilula ezifana namanzi nomoya-mpilo kuya ezintweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana namaprotheni nama-polymers. Ngasinye salezi zibonelo sibonisa ukuthi ama-athomu ahlangana kanjani ekucushweni okuhlukene ukuze akhe izinhlobo zezinto ezinezici ezihlukile.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukwakheka kwendaba kungahluka kuye ngezimo zemvelo kanye nezinqubo zamakhemikhali ezihilelekile. Ukuqonda ukwakheka kubalulekile ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni emikhakheni efana nekhemistri, i-physics, nobunjiniyela bezinto zokwakha.

Kafushane, ukwakheka kwendaba kuyisihloko esiyisisekelo esifundweni sesayensi. Ngokuqonda izakhi ezihlukene nezinhlanganisela ezakha izinto, singakwazi ukuvula amandla ayo okusebenza emikhakheni eminingi, kusukela kwezokwelapha kuye kwezobuchwepheshe. Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo kulo mkhakha luzosivumela ukuthi sithole izinto ezintsha futhi sihlole imikhawulo yalokho esingakuzuza ngendaba nokwakheka kwayo.