Ingcindezi ye-Osmotic isenzakalo esingokomzimba esenzeka lapho kunomehluko ekugxiliseni kwezinyibilikisi phakathi kwezixazululo ezimbili ezihlukaniswa ulwelwesi olungenasici. Lo mqondo ufundwa kabanzi emikhakheni efana nekhemistri, ibhayoloji nobunjiniyela, ngoba udlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni nasekusetshenzisweni okuhlukahlukene.
Ukuze uqonde ingcindezi ye-osmotic, kubalulekile ukuqonda kuqala ukuthi iyini i-osmosis. I-Osmosis ukunyakaza kwenetha kwama-athomu ezincibilikayo ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi lwe-semipermeable kusuka kusixazululo sokugxilisa okuphansi kuya kweyodwa yokugxila okuphezulu. Le nqubo iqhubeka kuze kube ukugxila ku izinhlangothi zombili yolwelwesi noma ingcindezi eyanele ifinyelelwa ukuze imelane nokugeleza kwama-molecule.
Ingcindezi ye-Osmotic ingcindezi okufanele isetshenziswe esixazululweni esiphezulu sokugxilisa ukuvimbela isincibilikisi ukuthi singanyakazi kulwelwesi futhi silinganise ukugxila. Ngamanye amazwi, ingcindezi edingekayo ukuze kumiswe inqubo ye-osmosis.
Ukubala ingcindezi ye-osmotic kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinqubo ezinjengokukhipha usawoti emanzini, ukulondolozwa kokudla kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemithi, phakathi kokunye. Lokhu kufinyelelwa nge-van't Hoff equation, ehlobene nengcindezi ye-osmotic ekugxilweni kwe-solute nezinga lokushisa.
Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi iyini ingcindezi ye-osmotic, ukuthi ibalwa kanjani nokubaluleka kwayo emikhakheni ehlukene yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizohlaziya izibonelo ezisebenzayo kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibonisa ukubaluleka kwalesi simo ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke. Funda ukuze uthole okwengeziwe mayelana nengcindezi ye-osmotic ethokozisayo!
1. Isingeniso sengcindezi ye-osmotic
Ingcindezi ye-Osmotic ingumqondo oyisisekelo kukhemistri nebhayoloji lokho kusetshenziswa ukuchaza ukuziphatha kwezixazululo. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi lesi simo sisebenza kanjani ukuze uqonde ukuthi ukugxila kwe-solute kulinganisaniswa kanjani ezingxenyeni zamaselula ezahlukene.
Ingcindezi ye-Osmotic ichazwa njengokucindezela okudingekayo ukuze kuvinjwe i-solvent ukuthi ingadluli kulwelwesi olungenawo amanzi kanye nokuhlambulula isixazululo esigxile kakhulu. Lokhu kucindezela kuncike ekugxilweni kwe-solute nezinga lokushisa. Ukuphakama kwe-solute, kuyanda ukucindezela kwe-osmotic.
Ukuze ubale ingcindezi ye-osmotic, ungasebenzisa umthetho kaVan't Hoff, othi le ngcindezi ilingana nomkhiqizo we-molar concentration ye-solute, i-Van't Hoff factor (ecabangela inani lezinhlayiya zesisombululo. ) kanye negesi engaguquki. Kungenzeka futhi ukukunquma ngokuhlolwa kwe-osmometry, okulinganisa izinguquko zengcindezi kuye ngokugxila kwe-solute.
Kafushane, ingcindezi ye-osmotic iyinto ebalulekile yokuqonda ukulingana kwezixazululo kubhayoloji nakukhemistri. Ukubala kwayo kungenziwa kusetshenziswa umthetho kaVan't Hoff noma ngokuhlolwa kwe-osmometry. Ukuqonda lo mqondo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthuthwa kwezinto ngolwelwesi lwamaseli nezinye izinqubo ezibalulekile zebhayoloji.
2. Incazelo kanye nemiqondo eyisisekelo yengcindezi ye-osmotic
Ukucindezela kwe-Osmotic kuwumqondo oyisisekelo kukhemistri nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, obhekisela ekucindezelweni okudingekayo ukuze umelane nokugeleza kwe-solvent ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi oluhlukaniseka kancane ngenxa yomehluko ekugxilweni kwe-solute. Lokhu kucindezela kubangelwa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwama-molecule e-solute kanye nolwelwesi, futhi kungabalwa kusetshenziswa umthetho ka-Van't Hoff. Ingcindezi ye-Osmotic ibaluleke kakhulu ezinqubweni zebhayoloji njengokumuncwa kwezakhi kanye nokulawulwa kokulinganisela kwe-osmotic kumaseli.
Ukuze uqonde kangcono ingcindezi ye-osmotic, kubalulekile ukujwayelana neminye imiqondo eyisisekelo. Enye yazo i-solute concentration, ebhekisela enanini le-solute ekhona esixazululweni ngokuhlobene nenani eliphelele lesixazululo. Ukugxila kuvame ukuvezwa ngama-moles ilitha ngalinye (M). Omunye umqondo obalulekile amandla e-osmotic, okuyisilinganiso sekhono lesixazululo sokusebenzisa ingcindezi ye-osmotic. Amandla e-osmotic ancike ekugxilweni kwe-solute kanye nezinga lokushisa.
Isici esibalulekile ekuqondeni ingcindezi ye-osmotic umthetho ka-Van't Hoff, othi ingcindezi ye-osmotic ilingana ngokuqondile nokugxilisana kwe-solute kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphelele, futhi lilinganisa ngokuphambene nevolumu ye-solvent. Lo mthetho uvezwa i-equation π = nRT/V, lapho u-π emelela ingcindezi ye-osmotic, n inani lama-moles of solute, R igesi engaguquki, T yizinga lokushisa eliphelele bese kuthi V ivolumu ye-solvent.
3. Indlela yokucindezela kwe-osmotic ezixazululweni
Ingcindezi ye-Osmotic ibhekisela endleleni lapho izinhlayiya ze-solute esixazululweni zicindezela ngayo ulwelwesi olungenakunyakaziswa. Lokhu kucindezela kuwumphumela wokunyakaza kwama-molecule amanzi kulwelwesi ukuze alinganise ukugxila kwe-solute ezinhlangothini zombili. Ukubalwa kwengcindezi ye-osmotic kubalulekile ukuze uqonde izinqubo ze-osmosis kanye nokusabalalisa ezisombululweni.
Ukunquma ingcindezi ye-osmotic yesisombululo, umthetho kaVan't Hoff usetshenziswa. Lo mthetho uthi ingcindezi ye-osmotic ilingana ngokuqondile ne-solute concentration kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphelele, futhi ilingana ngokuphambene nevolumu yesixazululo. Ifomula yokubala ingcindezi ye-osmotic yile: Π = CRT, lapho u-Π kuwukucindezela kwe-osmotic, u-C ukugxiliswa kwe-solute, u-R igesi ekahle engashintshi, futhi u-T izinga lokushisa eliphelele.
Kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokunquma ingcindezi ye-osmotic yesixazululo. Enye yazo iwukusebenzisa umshini okuthiwa i-osmometer. Le divayisi ikala ushintsho kungcindezi ye-osmotic ngokwethula isixazululo endaweni eyodwa kanye nesixazululo sereferensi kwenye. Idivayisi irekhoda umehluko wengcindezi phakathi kwawo womabili amagumbi futhi ibala ingcindezi ye-osmotic yesampula. Le ndlela isetshenziswa kabanzi kumalabhorethri ocwaningo nasembonini yezemithi ukuze kutholwe i-osmolarity yezixazululo.
4. Incazelo yomthetho ka-van 't Hoff kanye nobudlelwano bawo nengcindezi ye-osmotic
Umthetho ka-Van 't Hoff uyisibalo esisetshenziselwa ukubala ubudlelwano phakathi kwengcindezi ye-osmotic yesixazululo kanye nokuhlangana kwezinyibilikisi ezikhona kuso. Lo mthetho uthi ingcindezi ye-osmotic ilingana nenani lezinhlayiya ze-solute ezikhona esixazululweni kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphelele. Ngokwezibalo, ivezwa kanje:
Π = iCRT
Lapho u-Π kuyingcindezi ye-osmotic, i-van 't Hoff factor emelela inani lezinhlayiya lapho i-solute ibola khona, u-C ukugxiliswa kwe-molar yesixazululo, u-R ukulingana kwegesi ekahle kanye no-T izinga lokushisa eliphelele ku-kelvin.
Umthetho kaVan 't Hoff uwusizo ezindaweni ezehlukene zekhemistri nebhayoloji, njengocwaningo lwezakhiwo ze-osmotic zamangqamuzana olwelwesi lwamaseli kanye nokunqunywa kwenqwaba ye-molar yama-macromolecules esixazululo, phakathi kokunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusivumela ukuthi siqonde ukuthi ingcindezi ye-osmotic ihlukahluka kanjani njengoba ukugxila kwe-solutes noma izinga lokushisa lesixazululo lishintsha. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lo mthetho uthatha ukuthi isisombululo silungile nokuthi akukho ukusebenzisana okwenzekayo phakathi kwe-solute ne-solvent ethinta ingcindezi ye-osmotic. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-van 't Hoff factor incike ezingeni le-ionization ye-solute, ngakho-ke. okudingekayo yazi lolu lwazi ngokusebenza kwalo okulungile. Kafushane, umthetho ka-van 't Hoff uyithuluzi eliyisisekelo lokufunda ingcindezi ye-osmotic kanye nobudlelwano bawo nokuhlangana kwe-solutes esixazululweni. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kusivumela ukuthi siqonde futhi sibikezele izenzakalo ezenzeka ezinhlelweni ze-osmotic, futhi senze izibalo ezinembile emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yesayensi.
5. Izindlela zokubala ingcindezi ye-osmotic ekuxazululeni izixazululo
Kukhona eziningana. Ngezansi ezinye zezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu:
1. Indlela ye-Van 't Hoff: Le ndlela isebenzisa isibalo se-Van 't Hoff (Π = nRT) ukubala ingcindezi ye-osmotic yesisombululo se-dilute. Ukuze usebenzise le ndlela, kuyadingeka ukwazi inani lezinhlayiya ze-solute ezikhona kusixazululo, izinga lokushisa ku-Kelvin kanye negesi ehlala njalo. Ngokufaka la manani endaweni ye-equation, ingcindezi ye-osmotic yesixazululo iyatholakala.
2. Indlela yomthetho ka-Dalton: Le ndlela isekelwe emthethweni kaDalton, othi ukucindezela okuphelele kwengxube yamagesi kuyalingana nesamba sokucindezela okuyingxenye yamagesi ngamanye. Endabeni yesisombululo se-dilute, lo mthetho usetshenziselwa ukubala ingcindezi ye-osmotic ngokungeza izingcindezi eziyingxenye ye-solutes ekhona esixazululweni.
3. Indlela yokugxilisa i-Molar: Le ndlela isebenzisa ukugxila kwe-molar ye-solute esixazululweni ukubala ingcindezi ye-osmotic. I-Molar concentration, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-molarity, ibalwa ngokuhlukanisa inani lama-moles we-solute ngevolumu yesisombululo ngamalitha. Uma i-molar concentration isitholiwe, ifomula Π = MRT, lapho Π kuyingcindezi ye-osmotic, M i-molar concentration, R iyindawo ekahle yegesi engaguquki kanye no-T izinga lokushisa ku-Kelvin, isetshenziselwa ukubala ingcindezi ye-osmotic ye-diluted. isisombululo.
6. Ukubalwa kwengcindezi ye-osmotic kusetshenziswa ifomula ye-van 't Hoff
Ukuze ubale ingcindezi ye-osmotic usebenzisa ifomula ka-van 't Hoff, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi iyini ingcindezi ye-osmotic nokuthi izithinta kanjani izixazululo. Ingcindezi ye-Osmotic ingcindezi edingekayo ukuze kumiswe ukugeleza kwenetha kwe-solvent ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi olungafinyeleli kahle, ngenxa yomehluko ekugxiliseni okusolute phakathi kwezinhlangothi zombili zolwelwesi.
Ifomula ye-van 't Hoff ihlobanisa ingcindezi ye-osmotic nokuhlangana kwezinyibilikizi esixazululweni. Ifomula ithi: π = i * M * R * T, lapho u-π engumfutho we-osmotic, i-coefficient ye-van 't Hoff (okuncike enanini lezinhlayiya esixazululo), uM yi-molarity yesisombululo, R iyindawo ekahle yegesi futhi i-T izinga lokushisa ku-Kelvin.
Ukuze ubale ingcindezi ye-osmotic, landela lezi zinyathelo:
- Bala i-molarity yesixazululo.
- Nquma i-coefficient ye-van 't Hoff kuye ngohlobo lwe-solute.
- Guqula izinga lokushisa libe yi-Kelvin.
- Sebenzisa ifomula ye-van 't Hoff ukuze ubale ingcindezi ye-osmotic.
Qiniseka ukuthi unamanani alungile namayunithi esinyathelweni ngasinye sokubala. Futhi, khumbula ukuthi ingcindezi ye-osmotic isebenza kuphela ezixazululweni eziqukethe ama-nonvolatile solutes nalapho i-solvent ilungile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifomula ye-van 't Hoff iyisilinganiso futhi kungase kube nezinye izici ezithinta ingcindezi ye-osmotic ezisombululweni zangempela.
7. Izibonelo ezisebenzayo zokubala ingcindezi ye-osmotic ezixazululweni ezahlukene
Kulesi sigaba, sizohlaziya izibonelo ezimbalwa ezisebenzayo ezizosivumela ukubala ingcindezi ye-osmotic ezixazululweni ezahlukene. Ukuxazulula le nkinga, kubalulekile ukuqonda izinyathelo okufanele zilandelwe futhi usebenzise amathuluzi afanele.
Isibonelo sokuqala esizobhekana naso ukubalwa kwengcindezi ye-osmotic kusixazululo esingu-0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl). Ukuze senze lokhu, sizodinga ukwazi ukugxila kwesisombululo kanye nokushisa okusebenzayo. Uma sesinale datha, singasebenzisa ifomula yengcindezi ye-osmotic: P = i * c * R * TKuphi P imelela ingcindezi ye-osmotic, i i-van't Hoff coefficient, c ukugxila kwesixazululo, R kuyinto ekahle igesi njalo futhi T izinga lokushisa ku-Kelvin.
Esinye isibonelo esithakazelisayo ukubalwa kwengcindezi ye-osmotic kusisombululo se-glucose esingu-10%. Lapha, i-coefficient ye-van't Hoff (i) kufanele ilungiswe kuye ngohlobo lwezinhlayiyana ezitholakala esixazululweni. Endabeni ye-glucose, inani le- i ilingana no-1. Ngakho-ke, singabala ingcindezi ye-osmotic sisebenzisa ifomula eshiwo ngenhla futhi.
8. Ukusetshenziswa kwengcindezi ye-osmotic ezinhlelweni zezimboni nezesayensi
Ingcindezi ye-Osmotic iyimpahla eyisisekelo kukhemistri nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo esebenza ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene emkhakheni wezimboni nesayensi. Isekelwe esenzakalweni sokusatshalaliswa kwe-solutes nge-membrane ye-semipermeable, evumela ukuthuthwa okukhethiwe kwama-molecule kanye nokukhiqizwa kokucindezela okuhlukile.
Emkhakheni wezimboni, ingcindezi ye-osmotic isetshenziswa ezinqubweni ezinjengokukhipha usawoti emanzini, lapho kusetshenziswa khona ikhono le-semipermeable membranes ukuhlukanisa ama-solutes nezinyibilikisi. Lokhu kuphumela ekutholeni amanzi okuphuza kusuka emithonjeni enosawoti noma emanzini olwandle. Ibuye isetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni ukudla neziphuzo, lapho imikhiqizo ingagxiliswa noma iphelelwe amanzi ngokucindezela kwe-osmotic.
Emkhakheni wesayensi, ingcindezi ye-osmotic iyithuluzi elivamile ekuphenyweni komsebenzi we-membrane yezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuxhumana kwazo nama-solutes ahlukahlukene. Ibuye isetshenziswe ekuhlukaniseni izinto kanye nasekunqumeni izakhiwo ezingokomzimba namakhemikhali zamakhompiyutha. Ukwengeza, ingcindezi ye-osmotic inezinhlelo zokusebenza ekuhlukaniseni nasekuhlanzweni kwezinto, njenge-chromatography engabaliwe yosayizi.
Kafushane, idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlukaniseni ama-solutes nama-solvents, okukhiqiza izingcindezi ezihlukene ezivumela ukuthi kutholakale imikhiqizo ehlanzekile futhi egxilile. Ngokunjalo, ukusetshenziswa kwayo ocwaningweni lwama-membrane nezinto kusiza ukuqonda kangcono ukusebenza kwazo nezici. Ngakho-ke, iyithuluzi eliyisisekelo ezindaweni eziningi futhi ukuphatha kwayo kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinqubo kanye nokuthola imiphumela enembayo.
9. Umthelela wokushisa nokugxila kungcindezi ye-osmotic
Ingcindezi ye-Osmotic iyisilinganiso sokucindezela okwenziwa isincibilikisi ohlelweni lwesixazululo se-dilute. Lokhu kucindezela kuncike ekushiseni nasekugxilweni kwezinto ezikhona esixazululo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ukuthi izinga lokushisa nokugxila kuthonya kanjani ingcindezi ye-osmotic nokuthi singayibala kanjani.
Okuguquguqukayo kokuqala okufanele kucatshangelwe izinga lokushisa. Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ingcindezi ye-osmotic nayo ivame ukwanda. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kubangela ukwanda kwamandla e-kinetic ama-molecule, okubuye kukhulise izinga lokusabalalisa kwezinhlayiya ze-solvent. Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlayiya ezengeziwe ze-solvent zidlula kulwelwesi olukwazi ukufinyelelwa kalula, okudala umfutho we-osmotic ophakeme.
Ukugxila kwezinto ezikhona kwisixazululo nakho kunomthelela omkhulu kungcindezi ye-osmotic. Njengoba i-solute ikhula, ingcindezi ye-osmotic iyanda ngokulinganayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kunezinhlayiya eziningi esixazululweni, okwandisa ukungqubuzana kwezinhlayiya ze-solvent nezinhlayiya ze-solute. Ngenxa yalokho, ingcindezi ephakeme iyadingeka ukulinganisa lo mehluko ekungqubuzaneni futhi ugcine izinhlayiya ze-solvent zibe isisombululo.
Kafushane, izinga lokushisa kanye lokuhlushwa kukhona izici ezimbili ukhiye othonya ingcindezi ye-osmotic. Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ingcindezi ye-osmotic ivame ukwanda ngenxa yokwanda kokusabalalisa kwezinhlayiya ze-solvent. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba ukugxila kwe-solute kwanda, ingcindezi ye-osmotic nayo iyanda ngenxa yokwanda kwenani lezinhlayiya ezikhona kwisixazululo. Kubalulekile ukucabangela lezi zici lapho wenza izibalo kanye nokuhlaziya okubandakanya ingcindezi ye-osmotic.
10. Ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwengcindezi ye-osmotic nezinye izinto zokuthutha ezixazululweni
Ingcindezi ye-Osmotic yinto yokuthutha eyenzeka ezixazululweni lapho kunomehluko ekuhlanganiseni kwezinyibilikizo ezinhlangothini zombili zolwelwesi olungenakunyakaziswa. Ngokungafani nezinye izenzakalo zokuthutha, ezifana nokusabalalisa kanye ne-osmosis, ingcindezi ye-osmotic ingumphumela wamandla angokwenyama asetshenziswa ama-solute kulwelwesi.
Ingcindezi ye-Osmotic ibalwa kusetshenziswa i-Van't Hoff equation, ehlotshaniswa nokugxilisana kwe-solute nengcindezi ye-osmotic. Lesi sibalo siwusizo ekunqumeni ingcindezi ye-osmotic yesixazululo kanye nokuqonda ukuthi izithinta kanjani izinqubo zokuhlukanisa ezifana ne-osmosis ehlehlayo kanye ne-ultrafiltration.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto zokuthutha ezixazululweni, ingcindezi ye-osmotic ingaba nomthelela omkhulu ezinhlelweni zebhayoloji nasekusetshenzisweni kwezimboni. Isibonelo, embonini yokudla, ingcindezi ye-osmotic isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo efana namakhukhamba kanye nokuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi kwezithelo. Iphinde idlale indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni zebhayoloji njengokumuncwa kwemisoco kumaseli kanye nokulawula ibhalansi yamanzi ezintweni eziphilayo.
11. Ukubaluleka kwengcindezi ye-osmotic kubhayoloji nakwezokwelapha
Ingcindezi ye-Osmotic ingumqondo oyisisekelo kubhayoloji nakwezokwelapha odlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni ezehlukene zamaselula nezokusebenza komzimba. Ingcindezi ye-Osmotic isho ikhono le-solvent ukuheha nokugcina izinhlayiya ezincibilikayo, njengama-ion noma ama-molecule, kulwelwesi olungenakunyakaziswa. Lesi simo sibalulekile ekugcinweni kwe-homeostasis yamangqamuzana kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezicubu nezitho zomzimba.
Ku-biology, ingcindezi ye-osmotic idlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ibhalansi yamanzi yamaseli. Lapho ingqamuzana isendaweni ye-hypotonic, okungukuthi, lapho ukuhlangana kwezinyibilikizi kuphansi ngaphandle kunangaphakathi kweseli, amanzi athambekele ekungeneni engqamuzaneni nge-osmosis. Lokhu kungaholela ku-cell lysis, kodwa amangqamuzana angakwazi ukumelana nale nqubo ngokulawula ukucindezela kwangaphakathi kwe-osmotic futhi ngaleyo ndlela kusungulwe isimo se-isotonic.
Kwezokwelapha, ingcindezi ye-osmotic ibaluleke kakhulu ekwelashweni kwe-intravenous nasekwelapheni ukuphazamiseka kwezinso. Ama-solutes aphezulu e-osmotic pressure, njengama-electrolyte, angasetshenziswa ukudonsa uketshezi olusuka endaweni engaphandle kwemithambo luyise endaweni ye-intravascular, okusiza ukwehlisa umfutho we-hydrostatic ezicutshini nokukhuthaza ukujikeleza kwegazi okwanele. Lesi sakhiwo sisetshenziswa, isibonelo, ekuphathweni kwezixazululo ze-hypertonic saline ukwelapha i-hyponatremia. Ukwengeza, ukukala umfutho we-osmotic egazini nomchamo kunikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nokusebenza kwezinso futhi kungaba usizo ekuhlonzeni nasekulawuleni izifo ezifana nesifo sikashukela noma ukwehluleka kwezinso.
Ukuyiqonda kubalulekile ekuhlaziyeni okulungile nokwelashwa kwezifo nezifo ezahlukahlukene. Ukusuka ekulawuleni ukufakwa kwe-hydration kumaselula kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwemithi yokwelapha nge-intravenous, ingcindezi ye-osmotic iyithuluzi elibalulekile elibusa kakhulu kumzimba womzimba. Ukujula kule miqondo nokusebenzisa ngokufanelekile ulwazi oluhlobene nengcindezi ye-osmotic kuzothuthukisa ukuqonda nokunakekelwa kwezinqubo zebhayoloji nezokwelapha ezihlobene.
12. Isilinganiso sokuhlola somfutho we-osmotic
Kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ocwaningweni nasekuqondeni izenzakalo zamakhemikhali nezebhayoloji ezihlobene ne-osmosis. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola indlela yokwenza lesi silinganiso ngokunembile nangokwethembeka, silandela indlela Igxathu emvakwe gxathu.
Ukuqala, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ingcindezi ye-osmotic ingalinganiswa kusetshenziswa iseli ye-osmotic pressure. Leli seli liqukethe ulwelwesi oluvumela ukudlula kwe-solvent kodwa hhayi ama-solutes. Ukwenza isilinganiso, iseli ligcwele isisombululo sokugxila okwaziwayo futhi lixhunywe ku-manometer ukuqapha ukucindezela.
Okokuqala, kufanele silungiselele ikhambi lokuhlushwa okwaziwayo esizolisebenzisa kuseli ye-osmotic pressure. Singakwenza lokhu ngokuncibilikisa inani elaziwayo le-solute kumthamo onikeziwe we-solvent. Kubalulekile ukunyakazisa isisombululo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo kwe-solute. Lapho ikhambi selilungisiwe, silidlulisela engqamuzaneni yokucindezela kwe-osmotic futhi siqinisekise ukuthi ulwelwesi lwe-semipermeable lubekwe ngendlela efanele.
13. Izicelo zengcindezi ye-osmotic embonini yezemithi
Embonini yezemithi, ingcindezi ye-osmotic ithole izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene ezifaka isandla ekwenzeni ngcono izinqubo kanye nokwenza ngcono ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Esinye sezicelo eziyinhloko zokucindezela kwe-osmotic ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni wezinto zemithi nemikhiqizo. Le nqubo ivumela ukuthi amanzi akhona emithini asuswe, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuvimbela ukwanda kwama-microorganisms nokuqinisekisa ukuzinza komkhiqizo.
Okunye ukusetshenziswa okufanelekile kwengcindezi ye-osmotic embonini yezemithi ukufakwa kwezidakamizwa. Ngokufaka ingcindezi ye-osmotic, kungenzeka ukwethula izithako ezisebenzayo kuma-capsules noma ama-microspheres, okwenza kube lula ukuphatha kwawo futhi kuthuthukise ukutholakala kwawo kwe-bioavailability. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingcindezi ye-osmotic iphinde isetshenziswe ekwenzeni izinhlelo zokukhishwa kwezidakamizwa ezilawulwayo, okuvumela ukulethwa kancane kancane nokuqhubekayo kwezidakamizwa emzimbeni.
Ekugcineni, ingcindezi ye-osmotic isetshenziswa ekuhlanzeni nasekuhlukaniseni izingxenye embonini yezemithi. Ngokusebenzisa ingcindezi ye-osmotic, kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa nokuhlanza izinto, njengamaprotheni noma ama-enzyme, akhona ezixubeni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Le nqubo isekelwe kumehluko wokuhlushwa kwe-osmotic phakathi kwezinto futhi ivumela ukuthola imikhiqizo yezemithi yokuhlanzeka okuphezulu nekhwalithi.
14. Isifinyezo samaphuzu asemqoka okufanele acatshangelwe mayelana nengcindezi ye-osmotic kanye nokubala kwayo
Kulesi sifinyezo, amaphuzu ayinhloko okufanele acatshangelwe mayelana nengcindezi ye-osmotic kanye nokubala kwayo kuzokwethulwa. Ingcindezi ye-Osmotic ibhekisela ekucindezelweni okudingekayo ukuze kumiswe ukugeleza kwe-solvent ngolwelwesi olungafinyeleli kahle, ngenxa yomehluko ekugxilweni kwezinyibilikizo nhlangothi zombili zolwelwesi. Okulandelayo, i izinyathelo ezibalulekile ukubala ingcindezi ye-osmotic.
1. Nquma ukuhlangana kwe-solute: Isinyathelo sokuqala ekubaleni ingcindezi ye-osmotic ukunquma ukugxila kwe-solute esixazululweni. Lokhu Kungenziwa usebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene, njenge-spectrophotometry noma ukuhlaziywa kwe-gravimetric. Uma ukugxila kwaziwa, kuvezwa ngama-moles ilitha ngalinye (mol/L).
2. Guqula ukugxilisa ingqondo kube ukungaguquki kwe-molality: I-Molality ichazwa njengenani lama-moles e-solute ngekhilogremu ye-solvent. Ukuze uguqule ukugxila kwe-solute ku-molality, kuyadingeka ukwazi ubukhulu be-molar ye-solute kanye nesisindo se-solvent. Ifomula yokubala i-molality ithi: molality (m) = ama-moles of solute / mass of solvent ngamakhilogremu.
3. Sebenzisa ifomula ye-osmotic pressure: Uma ukugxila sekuguqulelwe ku-molality constant, ingcindezi ye-osmotic ingabalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula: i-osmotic pressure (Π) = molality (m) * osmotic pressure constant (R) * izinga lokushisa eliphelele (T). I-osmotic pressure constant (R) ilingana no-0.0821 atm·L/mol·K. Izinga lokushisa eliphelele livezwa nge-kelvin (K).
Lezi yizinyathelo eziyinhloko okufanele uzilandele ukuze ubale ingcindezi ye-osmotic. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi le nqubo ingase ihluke kuye ngemininingwane yenkinga ngayinye namayunithi asetshenzisiwe. Qiniseka ukuthi wenza izibalo ngokunembile futhi usebenzise amayunithi alungile ukuze uthole imiphumela enembile.
Kafushane, ingcindezi ye-osmotic yinto engokomzimba ewumphumela womehluko ekugxilweni kwe-solutes phakathi kwezixazululo ezimbili ezihlukaniswe ulwelwesi olungenakunyakaziswa. Ngalesi sihloko, sihlole ukuthi ingcindezi ye-osmotic ihlanganisani, ibalwa kanjani nokuthi yiziphi izinhlelo ezisebenzayo zalo mqondo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ingcindezi ye-osmotic iyisici esinqumayo ezinqubweni eziyisisekelo zezinto eziphilayo, njengokumuncwa kwezakhi. ezingeni leselula kanye nokulawulwa komfutho wegazi ezintweni eziphilayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sakhiwo sisetshenziswa futhi ezimbonini zokudla, ezemithi kanye namakhemikhali, lapho kusetshenziswa khona ulwelwesi olungenakunyakaziswa kanye nezindlela zokuhlehla ze-osmosis ukuhlukanisa nokugxilisa izixazululo.
Ukubalwa kwengcindezi ye-osmotic kusekelwe kuMthetho ka-van't Hoff, osungula ukuthi ukucindezela okushiwoyo kuhambisana nomehluko wokugxiliswa kwe-solute kanye nezinga elithile lokushisa elingaguquki. Ngalobu budlelwano bezibalo, kungenzeka ukunquma ingcindezi ye-osmotic ngokunembile futhi usebenzise lolu lwazi ekuxazululeni izinkinga zobuchwepheshe nezesayensi.
Kafushane, ukuqonda nokubala ingcindezi ye-osmotic kubalulekile emikhakheni eyahlukene yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe. Kusukela kubhayoloji kuya kobunjiniyela, lo mqondo uhlinzeka ngesisekelo esiqinile setiyori futhi uvumela izixazululo ezintsha ukuthi zakhelwe ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene njengezokwelapha, ezolimo, ukukhulula usawoti emanzini kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezinto ezithuthukisiwe.
Ucwaningo lwengcindezi ye-osmotic luyaqhubeka nokuvela ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha nocwaningo lwesayensi. Kuyisihloko esihehayo nesiyinkimbinkimbi, esidinga indlela eqinile nehlanganisa imikhakha eminingi ukuze siqonde amandla aso aphelele kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo. Ngesisekelo sayo esiqinile setiyori kanye nezisekelo zezibalo, ingcindezi ye-osmotic izoqhubeka nokuba inkambu efanele yocwaningo nokusebenzisa esikhathini esizayo.
Ngingu-Sebastián Vidal, unjiniyela wekhompyutha ozifelayo ngobuchwepheshe kanye ne-DIY. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngingumdali we tecnobits.com, lapho ngabelana khona ngezifundo zokwenza ubuchwepheshe bufinyeleleke kakhudlwana futhi buqonde wonke umuntu.