Iyini iprosesa (i-CPU) futhi isebenza kanjani?

Iyini iprosesa (CPU) futhi isebenza kanjani?

Iphrosesa, noma i-Central Processing Unit (CPU), iyingxenye eyinhloko yanoma iyiphi ikhompuyutha noma idivayisi kagesi. Inesibopho sokwenza imiyalelo nezibalo ezidingekayo ukuze uhlelo lusebenze ngendlela efanele. Iphrosesa, empeleni, "ingqondo" yomshini, enesibopho sokwenza imisebenzi nemisebenzi eyabelwe yona. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi iphrosesa isebenza kanjani, kuyadingeka ukuhlola ukwakheka kwayo nokusebenza kwangaphakathi.

Iprosesa yezakhiwo

Izakhiwo yeprosesa Lokhu kubhekisela esakhiweni salo sangaphakathi, okungukuthi, indlela eklanywe futhi ehlelwe ngayo ukuze yenze imisebenzi eyabelwe yona. Ngokuvamile, iphrosesa yakhiwa amayunithi okulawula, amayunithi e-logic kanye nezibalo, amarejista, amabhasi edatha namakheli, kanye inkumbulo yenqolobaneLezi zingxenye ezahlukene zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zicubungule imiyalelo nedatha eyitholayo.

Indlela iprosesa esebenza ngayo

Ukusebenza kwephrosesa kusekelwe ekwenzeni ukulandelana kwezinyathelo ukuze isebenzise imiyalelo eyithola kumemori. Lezi zinyathelo zihlanganisa ukulanda imiyalelo, ukuyikhipha amakhodi, ukuwenza, nokugcina imiphumela. Iphrosesa isebenzisa iyunithi yokulawula ukuze ixhumanise futhi ivumelanise lezi zinyathelo, iqinisekisa ukuthi umyalo ngamunye wenziwe ngohlelo olufanele. Ukwengeza, iphrosesa inamarejista, okuyizindawo ezincane, ezishesha kakhulu zokugcina lapho idatha kanye nemiphumela yokusebenza kugcinwa khona okwesikhashana.

Sengiphetha, iphrosesa iyingxenye ebalulekile kunoma iyiphi idivayisi ye-elekthronikhi. Inesibopho sokwenza imisebenzi nezibalo ezidingekayo ukuze umshini usebenze. Isakhiwo sayo sangaphakathi nokusebenza kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuthi isebenza kanjani nokuthi ingacubungula kanjani imiyalelo nedatha. ngempumeleloEsihlokweni esilandelayo, sizocubungula ngayinye yalezi zici ngokuningiliziwe, kanye nentuthuko yakamuva emkhakheni wamaphrosesa.

- Isingeniso ku-processor (CPU)

Iphrosesa, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-central processing unit (CPU), ingenye yezingxenye ezibalulekile zanoma yiluphi uhlelo lwekhompyutha. Lolu cingo lunesibopho sokwenza yonke imisebenzi nezibalo ezidingekayo ukuze ikhompuyutha isebenze kahle. Kubhekwa njengobuchopho bomshini, njengoba unesibopho sokwenza imiyalelo kanye nokuxhumanisa ukuhamba kwedatha ohlelweni.

Iphrosesa isebenza ngochungechunge lwezinyathelo ezilandela ukulandelana okunengqondo. Okokuqala, ithola iziqondiso kwisofthiwe esebenzayo, njengezinhlelo noma izinhlelo zokusebenza. Le miyalo iguqulwa ibe amasignali kagesi iphrosesa engawaqonda. Bese, i-CPU yenza uchungechunge lwemisebenzi ye-arithmetic nenengqondo ukuze icubungule idatha ngokuya ngemiyalo etholiwe.

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaphrosesa emakethe, ngayinye inezici zayo namandla ayo. Isivinini sokucubungula, esikalwa nge-hertz (Hz), singenye yezicaciso eziyinhloko okufanele icatshangelwe lapho ukhetha iphrosesa. Lapho isivinini sokucubungula siphezulu, ukusebenza kwekhompyutha kuyashesha. Ezinye izici ezibalulekile okufanele zicatshangelwe inani lama-cores, inkumbulo yenqolobane, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza obusetshenzisiwe. Ngayinye yalezi zici inikela ekusebenzeni komcubunguli, ngakho-ke, ekusebenzeni kohlelo lonke.

Kafushane, iphrosesa iyingxenye ebalulekile kukhompuyutha, enesibopho sokwenza imisebenzi edingekayo ukuze uhlelo lusebenze. Umthamo wayo wokucubungula, kanye nezici zayo zobuchwepheshe, inquma ukusebenza okuphelele kwekhompyutha. Kubalulekile ukucabangela lezi zici lapho ukhetha iphrosesa, njengoba zizoba nomthelela esivinini sokusebenza komshini nokuphendula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kuholele ekudalweni kwamaphrosesa anamandla nasebenza kahle, okuholele ekuthuthukisweni okukhulu ekusebenzeni kwamakhompyutha esimanje.

-⁤ Izingxenye kanye nezakhiwo zephrosesa

Izingxenye zephrosesa: Iprosesa, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-central processing unit (CPU), ingubuchopho be noma iyiphi idivayisi Iprosesa iyisisetshenziswa sikagesi. Yakhiwe izingxenye ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ezisebenza ndawonye ukwenza imisebenzi nokucubungula ulwazi. Lezi zingxenye zifaka iyunithi yokulawula, iyunithi ye-arithmetic logic (ALU), amarejista, kanye nenkumbulo yenqolobane. Iyunithi yokulawula inesibopho sokuxhumanisa nokulawula ukusebenza komcubunguli, kuyilapho i-ALU yenza imisebenzi ye-arithmetic nenengqondo. Amarejista agcina idatha nemiyalo ecutshungulwayo, futhi inkumbulo yenqolobane isebenza njengesitoreji sesikhashana ukusheshisa ukufinyelela kudatha esetshenziswa njalo. Zonke lezi zingxenye zixhunywe ngedatha namabhasi okulawula, avumela ukudluliswa kolwazi ngaphakathi kweprosesa.

Ukwakhiwa kweprosesa: I-architecture ye-processor ibhekisela esakhiweni kanye nomklamo wangaphakathi we-chip. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezakhiwo zeprosesa, kodwa okuvame kakhulu ukwakhiwa kweVon Neumann. Kulolu hlobo lwezakhiwo, i-CPU inebhasi ledatha elilodwa kanye nebhasi elilodwa lokulawula elisetshenziselwa ukudlulisa kokubili idatha nemiyalo. Lokhu kuvumela iphrosesa ukuthi isebenzise izinhlelo ezigcinwe kumemori. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-architecture ye-Von Neumann isebenzisa umjikelezo weziyalezo oyisisekelo obizwa ngokuthi "fetch-decode-execute." Phakathi nalo mjikelezo, iphrosesa ilanda umyalo enkumbulweni, iwuhlukanise ukuze iqonde ukuthi yisiphi isenzo okufanele yenze, futhi ekugcineni isebenzise umyalo.

Ukusebenza kweprosesa: Iphrosesa ilandela ukulandelana kweziqondiso ukwenza umsebenzi. Le miyalo ibhalwe ngolimi olusezingeni eliphansi olubizwa ngokuthi ikhodi yomshini, olwakhiwe uchungechunge lwezinombolo kanambambili ezimele umyalelo ngamunye. Iphrosesa ifunda futhi yenze le miyalo ngayinye ngayinye, yenza imisebenzi edingekayo ukuze iqedele umsebenzi. Lokhu kuhilela ukukhohlisa idatha, ukwenza izibalo zezibalo, ukwenza izinqumo ezinengqondo, nokudlulisa idatha phakathi kwezingxenye ezahlukene zesistimu. Konke lokhu kwenzeka ngesivinini esimangalisayo, njengoba abacubungula besimanje bekwazi ukwenza izigidigidi zemiyalo ngomzuzwana. Iprosesa iphinde ixhumane nezinye izingxenye zesistimu, njenge i-hard drive, inkumbulo ye-RAM namakhadi wevidiyo, ukwenza imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ulawule ukusebenza kwalo lonke uhlelo.

- Ukusebenza kwangaphakathi kweprosesa

Ukusebenza kwangaphakathi kweprosesa

Iprosesa, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-CPU (Central Processing Unit), iwubuchopho yekhompyuthaInesibopho sokwenza imiyalelo nokwenza imisebenzi ohlelweni. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi iphrosesa isebenza kanjani, kuyadingeka ukuqonda ukwakheka kwayo kwangaphakathi kanye nezingxenye ezibalulekile.

Iprosesa yenziwe ngezinto ezimbalwa ezibalulekile, kufaka phakathi Iyunithi yokulawula (CU) kanye I-Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)I-UC inesibopho sokuhumusha nokusebenzisa imiyalelo yohlelo, kuyilapho i-UAL yenza imisebenzi yezibalo nenengqondo efana nokuhlanganisa, ukususa, nokuqhathanisa. Lawa mayunithi axhumana wodwa ngokusebenzisa i- ibhasi ledatha kanye ne ukulawula ibhasi.

Ngokungeziwe ku-UC ne-UAL, iphrosesa inezici amarekhodi egcina ulwazi okwesikhashana ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kohlelo. Amarejista ashesha kakhulu futhi avumela ukufinyelela ngokushesha kudatha edingekayo ukuze kwenziwe imisebenzi. Enye ingxenye ebalulekile yeprosesa yi- inkumbulo yenqolobane, egcina idatha evame ukusetshenziswa ukunciphisa ukubambezeleka kokufinyelela kumemori eyinhloko.

Kafushane, ukusebenza kwangaphakathi kwephrosesa kuhilela ukusebenzisana kwezingxenye ezibalulekile ezifana neyunithi yokulawula, i-Arithmetic Logic Unit, amarejista, nememori yenqolobane. Lezi zakhi zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zicubungule futhi zenze imiyalelo yohlelo ngokushesha nangempumelelo. Ukuqonda ukuthi iphrosesa isebenza kanjani kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukusebenza okuphelele kwekhompuyutha nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwayo.

- Ukubaluleka kanye nezici zememori ye-cache

Ukubaluleka nezici zememori yenqolobane

Inkumbulo yenqolobane iyingxenye eyisisekelo yephrosesa yekhompyutha (CPU) futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwayo kahle. Inani elincane lememori yokufinyelela ngokushesha egcina idatha esetshenziswa njalo nemiyalo evela njalo, iyenze itholakale ngokushesha. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iphrosesa akudingeki ukuthi ihlale isesha inkumbulo eyinhloko, isheshise isikhathi sokufinyelela olwazini futhi ithuthukise ukuphendula kwekhompyutha.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zememori yenqolobane: i inqolobane yokufundisa kanye inqolobane yedathaInqolobane yemiyalelo igcina imiyalelo esetshenziswa iphrosesa, kuyilapho inqolobane yedatha igcina idatha esetshenziswa njalo. Zombili zisebenzisa inhloso yokusheshisa ukusebenza kwephrosesa, njengoba ukuba nolwazi olufanele olutholakala kalula kugwema ukubambezeleka okubangelwa ukusesha kumemori eyinhloko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqolobane ihlelwe yaba amazinga, ngamakhono ahlukene kanye nesivinini sokufinyelela. Amazinga aphansi, njengenqolobane ye-L1, anomthamo omncane kodwa ayashesha, kuyilapho amazinga aphezulu, njengenqolobane ye-L3, emakhulu kodwa ehamba kancane.

Inkumbulo yenqolobane idlala indima ebalulekile ku- inkumbulo hierarchy yesistimu yekhompyutha. Ngokuhambisana nenkumbulo eyinhloko kanye nesitoreji sesibili, kwakha ingxenye yesistimu yokugcina i-hierarchical lapho idatha ihamba phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene wesigaba ngokwezinga layo lokusetshenziswa. Inqolobane itholakala eduze kwephrosesa futhi isebenza njengesigcinalwazi esisheshayo phakathi kwe-CPU nenkumbulo eyinhloko. Lokhu kuvumela iphrosesa ukuthi ifinyelele ngokushesha idatha eyidingayo, igwema ukubambezeleka okubangelwa ukubambezeleka kwesistimu yememori ehamba kancane. Ngamafuphi, inkumbulo yenqolobane ivumela ukufinyelela okusheshayo nangokuphumelelayo kudatha nemiyalo edingekayo ukuze i-CPU isebenze, ithuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kukonke kwekhompyutha.

- Izinhlobo zama-processor kanye nomehluko wawo

1. Amaphrosesa ekhompyutha

Ama-Computer processors, awaziwa nangokuthi ama-CPUs (I-Central Processing Units), ayingxenye eyinhloko nebaluleke kakhulu yesistimu yekhompyutha. Banomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza yonke imisebenzi nezibalo ezidingekayo ekusebenzeni kwayo. yekhompyuthaAmaprosesa atholakala kuwo wonke amakhompyutha, kusukela kumadivayisi eselula kuya kumaseva namakhompyutha amakhulu.

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaprosesa emakethengayinye yakhelwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezithile. Amaphrosesa angahluka ngokuya ngesivinini sewashi, inani lama-cores, umthamo wenqolobane, kanye nezakhiwoAmanye amaphrosesa enzelwe imisebenzi eyisisekelo yasehhovisi, kanti amanye alungele imidlalo nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifunayo. Kubalulekile ukukhetha iphrosesa efanele ngokusekelwe endleleni ohlose ukuyisebenzisa ngayo ikhompuyutha yakho.

Mayelana nokusebenza, amaphrosesa akhiwe izigidi zama-transistors avumela ukuhamba kukagesi kanye nokusebenza kokusebenza okuyisisekelo kanambambili. Iphrosesa ihumusha futhi yenze imiyalelo nedatha enikezwe isofthiweNgomjikelezo weziyalezo, iphrosesa ilanda, ikhiphe amakhodi, futhi ikhiphe imiyalo ngohlelo oluthile ukuze yenze imisebenzi eceliwe. Uma iphrosesa ishesha, imisebenzi nemisebenzi izokwenziwa ngokushesha. kukhompyutha.

- Izinto okufanele uzicabangele lapho ukhetha iprosesa

Iphrosesa, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-CPU (iyunithi yokucubungula emaphakathi), ingubuchopho bekhompyutha. Iyingxenye enesibopho sokwenza yonke imiyalelo nezibalo ezidingekayo ukuze umshini usebenze kahle. Lapho ukhetha iphrosesa yekhompyutha yakho, kunezici ezimbalwa ezibalulekile okufanele uzicabangele ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi ihlangabezana nezidingo zakho nalokho okulindele.

Ukucatshangelwa okubalulekile kokuqala ijubane lewashiIsivinini sewashi, esilinganiswa nge-gigahertz (GHz). Lapho isivinini sewashi siphezulu, sikhulu ikhono lomcubungula ukwenza izibalo ngesikhathi esincane. Kodwa-ke, isivinini sewashi akusona ukuphela kwesici esinqumayo ekusebenzeni komprosesa. Ezinye izici, njengenani lama-cores nosayizi wenqolobane, nazo zinomthelela ekusebenzeni kwayo kukonke.

Esinye isici esibalulekile okufanele sicatshangelwe ukwakhiwa kweprosesa. Njengamanje, amaphrosesa ahlukaniswe abe izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: 32-bit kanye Amabhithi angu-64Amaphrosesa angu-32-bit angafinyelela ubuningi obungu-4 gigabytes (GB) of Imemori ye-RAM, kuyilapho ama-64-bit processors enomthamo omkhulu kakhulu, okubavumela ukuthi baphathe amanani amakhulu wedatha futhi basebenzise izinhlelo zokusebenza eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukwengeza, kubalulekile ukuhlola ukuhambisana kwephrosesa nezinye izingxenye zekhompyutha yakho, njengesokhethi yebhodi lomama. Iphrosesa ngayinye inohlobo oluthile lwesokhethi olunquma ukuthi ixhumeka kanjani kubhodi lomama. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iphrosesa oyikhethayo iyahambisana nesokhethi ye-motherboard yakho kubalulekile ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi asebenzisana kahle futhi ngaphandle kwezinkinga.

Kafushane, lapho ukhetha iphrosesa, kufanele ucabangele izici ezifana nesivinini sewashi, izakhiwo, nokuhambisana nezinye izingxenye. Lezi zici zizoba nomthelela ngqo ekusebenzeni namandla ekhompyutha yakho. Ngaphambi kokwenza ukukhetha kwakho kokugcina, cwaninga futhi uqhathanise amamodeli ahlukene ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi uthola iphrosesa evumelana kangcono nezidingo zakho ezithile.

- Izincomo zokusetshenziswa nokunakekelwa kweprosesa

Iphrosesa, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-CPU (Iyunithi Yokucubungula Emaphakathi), ingubuchopho bekhompyutha. Iyingxenye enesibopho sokwenza yonke imisebenzi nezibalo ezidingekayo ukuze uhlelo lusebenze ngendlela efanele. Iphrosesa yenza iziqondiso ngendlela yekhodi kanambambili futhi yenza izigidi zezibalo ngomzuzwana. Yakhiwe izigidi zama-transistors avula futhi avale ukucubungula ulwazi.

Ukuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa okuhle nokwelula isikhathi sempilo yephrosesaKubalulekile ukulandela izincomo ezithile kanye nezinqubo zokunakekela. Okokuqala, kubalulekile Gcina ukupholisa kweprosesa okwaneleLokhu kufezwa ngokufaka isinki sokushisa kanye nesistimu yokungenisa umoya efanelekile. Ukushisa ngokweqile kungalimaza iphrosesa futhi kuthinte ukusebenza kwayo. Kubalulekile futhi Gwema ukuthintana ngqo nezinto zensimbi ezingakhiqiza ugesi omile, njengoba lokhu kungalimaza izingxenye ezintekenteke zephrosesa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukwenza a ukuhlanzwa ngezikhathi ezithile kweprosesa Ukususa uthuli nezinye izinsalela ezinganqwabelana phezu kwayo. Kungenziwa usebenzisa ithini lomoya ocindezelweyo noma ibhulashi elithambile. Kuyanconywa futhi Hambisa iphrosesa ngokucophelela futhi ugweme amaqhubu noma amaconsi angalimaza izikhonkwane zokuxhuma. Kuyafaneleka futhi sebenzisa ikhwalithi yokunamathisela okushisayo lapho ufaka iprosesa, njengoba lokhu kuzosiza ukuthuthukisa ukudluliswa kokushisa nokuvimbela ukushisa.

Kafushane, iphrosesa iyingxenye ebalulekile kunoma iyiphi ikhompuyutha futhi idinga ukunakekelwa nokunakwa ekusebenzeni kwayo okufanele. Gcina isiqandisi esifanele, gwema ukuthintana nezinto zensimbi, wenze ukuhlanza njalo, futhi uphathe ngokucophelela. Lezi ezinye izincomo zokuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa okufanele nokwelula impilo yephrosesa yakho. Landela lezi zincomo futhi uzojabulela ukusebenza okuphezulu kusuka kukhompuyutha yakho.

- Ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukile kanye nezitayela zesikhathi esizayo kumaphrosesa

Amaphrosesa ayizingxenye ezibalulekile zanoma iyiphi idivayisi ye-elekthronikhi futhi adlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwawo nokusebenza kahle kwawo. Iphrosesa, noma iyunithi yokucubungula emaphakathi (CPU), iwubuchopho bekhompuyutha noma idivayisi ye-elekthronikhi, enesibopho sokusebenzisa nokulawula imiyalelo yesofthiwe. Isebenza njengenjini yokucubungula, yenza izibalo, yenza imisebenzi, futhi yenza izinqumo ngokuhlanganyela nezinye izingxenye zesistimu.

Eminyakeni yamuva, kuye kwaba nentuthuko ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe okuholele ekuthuthukisweni okukhulu ekusebenzeni kweprosesa. Obunye balobu buchwepheshe wukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo eziningi, lapho esikhundleni sokuba nomnyombo wokucubungula owodwa, kukhona ama-cores amaningi angenza imisebenzi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokhu kuvumela ukwenziwa ngokuphumelelayo kwemisebenzi eminingi kanye nokwenza ngcono isivinini sokucubungula. Obunye ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe ukuhlanganiswa kwamayunithi okucubungula ama-graphics (GPUs) abe amaprosesa, okuholele ekutheni ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kumidwebo nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ukuhlakanipha okungekhona okwangempela.

Izitayela zesikhathi esizayo kumaphrosesa Bagxila ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza kahle kwamandla. Izakhiwo ezintsha nezindlela zokuklama ziyahlolwa ukuze kuzuzwe isivinini sokucubungula esiphezulu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi. Ithrendi eyodwa evelayo i-quantum computing, esebenzisa izimiso ze-quantum mechanics ukwenza izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokushesha okukhulu. Omunye umkhuba obalulekile ukwanda kwama-neuromorphic processors, alingisa ukusebenza kobuchopho bomuntu futhi abe namandla okuguqula. ukuhlakanipha okungekhona okwangempela nokufunda ngomshini.

Ngamafuphi, amaphrosesa ayinsika yanoma iyiphi idivayisi ye-elekthronikhi, futhi ukuvela kwawo bekulokhu kwenzeka njalo. Ngobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe obufana ne-multi-core architecture kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-GPU, amaphrosesa athuthukise ukusebenza kwawo eminyakeni yamuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathrendi esikhathi esizayo kumaphrosesa agxile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwawo nokusebenza kahle kwawo ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo ezintsha ezifana ne-quantum computing kanye ne-neuromorphic processors. Ikusasa lamaphrosesa lithembisa ukuthatha amandla okucubungula awayise emazingeni aphezulu, avule umhlaba wamathuba kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha.