Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kungenye yezinqubo ezibalulekile ekukhiqizeni amandla kumaseli. Ngalolu chungechunge oluyinkimbinkimbi lokusabela kwamakhemikhali e-biochemical, izakhi ziguqulwa zibe i-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), i-molecule eyinhloko eshayela yonke imisebenzi yeselula. Kuleli phepha elimhlophe, sizohlola izici ezihlukahlukene zokuphefumula kwamaselula kanye nokuhlobana kwakho nokukhiqizwa kwamandla. Ukuhlola le nqubo ngokuningiliziwe kuzosisiza siqonde ukuthi amaseli azinikeza kanjani amandla adingekayo ukuze enze imisebenzi yayo okubalulekile.
Isingeniso sokuphefumula kwamaselula
Ukuphefumula umakhalekhukhwini kuyinqubo kubalulekile empilweni yamaseli, lapho amanani amakhulu wamandla enziwa ngendlela ye-ATP. A ngochungechunge lokuhlangana kwamakhemikhali okuyinkimbinkimbi, amaseli aguqula imisoco, njengama-carbohydrates nama-lipids, abe yi-ATP esebenzisekayo. Le nqubo Kwenzeka kuma-organelles akhethekile abizwa ngokuthi i-mitochondria, atholakala kuwo wonke amaseli e-eukaryotic.
Ukuphefumula kweselula kuqukethe izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-glycolysis, umjikelezo we-Krebs kanye ne-oxidative phosphorylation. I-Glycolysis iyindlela ye-metabolic eyenzeka ku-cytoplasm futhi ikhiqiza kuphela inani elincane le-ATP. Okulandelayo, imikhiqizo ye-glycolysis ingena kumjikelezo we-Krebs, okwenzeka ku-matrix ye-mitochondria futhi ikhiqize i-ATP eyengeziwe. Okokugcina, i-phosphorylation ye-oxidative yenzeka emembraneye-mitochondria futhi isinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwe-ATP.
Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo ye-aerobic, okusho ukuthi idinga umoya-mpilo ukuze isebenze ngendlela efanele. Phakathi ne-phosphorylation ye-oxidative, i-oksijeni isebenza njengesamukeli sokugcina se-electron, sikhiqiza amanzi njengomkhiqizo owenziwe ngaphandle kosizo. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni zokuntuleka komoyampilo, njengangaphansi kwezimo zokuzivocavoca okukhulu, amaseli angakwazi ukuphefumula uhlobo oluthile lokuphefumula olubizwa ngokuthi ukuvutshelwa, okukhiqiza i-lactic acid noma i-ethanol futhi engakhiqizi amandla amaningi.
Ukubaluleka kokukhiqizwa kwamandla kumaseli
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla emangqamuzaneni kubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-biochemical, amaseli aguqula izakhi zibe amandla asebenzisekayo, ngendlela ye-ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate). Lo mthombo wamandla usetshenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yamaselula, njengokugcina i-homeostasis, ukuhlanganiswa kwama-molecule, nokwenza imisebenzi ye-metabolic.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kumaseli kwenziwa ikakhulukazi ku-mitochondria, ama-organelles amaselula akhethekile esizukulwaneni se-ATP. Ngokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-aerobic, i-mitochondria ithatha imikhiqizo yokugaya izakhi futhi ifake i-oxidize phambi komoya-mpilo ukuze ikhiqize amandla. Le nqubo yenziwa ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene, njenge-glycolysis, umjikelezo we-Krebs kanye ne-oxidative phosphorylation.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla ngendlela efanele kumaseli kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza nokusebenza kahle kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukuncipha kokukhiqizwa kwamandla kungaholela ezinkingeni nezifo ezahlukahlukene, njengokukhathala okungapheli kanye nezifo ze-metabolic Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla ngokweqile kungaholela ekuqongeleleni ama-metabolites anobuthi kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kwamaselula. Ngakho-ke, ukugcina ibhalansi eyanele ekukhiqizweni kwamandla kubalulekile empilweni enhle nokusebenza kahle kwezinto eziphilayo.
Izigaba zokuphefumula kwamaselula
Ukuphefumula kwamaselula, inqubo eyisisekelo yokuthola amandla ezinto eziphilayo, ihlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu ezibalulekile: i-glycolysis, umjikelezo we-Krebs kanye ne-oxidative phosphorylation. Isigaba ngasinye sidlala indima ebalulekile ekuguquleni izakhi zibe i-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), i-molecule yamandla esetshenziswa amangqamuzana. Izici nemisebenzi yalesi sigaba ngasinye kuchazwe kafushane ngezansi:
1. I-Glycolysis: Lesi sigaba sokuqala sokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana senzeka ku-cytoplasm futhi sibonakala ngokuwohloka kweglucose ibe ama-molecule amabili e-pyruvic acid. Ngochungechunge lokusabela kwe-enzymatic, amanani amancane e-ATP ne-NADH, i-molecule ephethe ama-electron, atholakala. I-Glycolysis iyinqubo ye-anaerobic, okusho ukuthi ayidingi ukuba khona komoya-mpilo.
2. Umjikelezo we-Krebs: Eyaziwa nangokuthi umjikelezo we-citric acid, lesi sigaba senzeka ku-matrix ye-mitochondrial. I-pyruvic acid ekhiqizwa ku-glycolysis ingena kulo mjikelezo, lapho i-oxidized ngokuphelele futhi i-carbon dioxide ikhishwa. Ngaphezu kokukhiqizwa kwe-ATP ne-NADH, umjikelezo we-Krebs ubalulekile ekukhiqizeni ezinye izinhlanganisela ezidingekayo ochungechungeni lwezokuthutha lwe-electron.
3. Fosforilación oxidativa: Esigabeni sokugcina sokuphefumula kwamaselula, ama-electron adluliswa yi-NADH nezinye izithwali zama-electron adlula ochungechungeni lwezokuthutha olutholakala kulwelwesi olungaphakathi lwe-mitochondria. Njengoba ama-electron edluliswa, amandla akhululwa ashayela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ATP kusuka ku-adenosine diphosphate (ADP) kanye ne-inorganic phosphate. I-phosphorylation ye-oxidative iyinqubo ye-aerobic, njengoba idinga umoya-mpilo ukuze isebenze ngokugcwele futhi yandise ukukhiqizwa kwe-ATP.
Incazelo enemininingwane yenqubo ye-glycolysis
I-Glycolysis inqubo eyisisekelo ekuwohlokeni kweglucose, okwenzeka ku-cytoplasm yamaseli. Ngochungechunge lokusabela kwe-biochemical, i-molecule ye-glucose ye-carbon-carbon eyisithupha iguqulwa ibe ama-molecule amabili we-carbon pyruvate. Lezi zigaba zenziwa ngezinyathelo eziyishumi, ngasinye senziwa yi-enzyme ethile.
Esigabeni sokuqala se-glycolysis, i-ATP itshalwa ukuze kusebenze i-glucose, iguqulelwe ku-glucose-6-phosphate ngokusebenza kwe-enzyme i-hexokinase. I-Glucose-6-phosphate bese iguqulwa ibe yi-fructose-6-phosphate nge-enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 Bese, i-fructose-6-phosphate iguqulwa ibe i-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, ngenxa yesenzo se-enzyme phosphofructokinase-1. .
Esigabeni sesibili se-glycolysis, i-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate ihlukaniswa ibe ama-molecule amabili ekhabhoni amathathu abizwa ngokuthi i-dihydroxyacetone phosphate ne-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Ngemuva kwalokho, i-dihydroxyacetone phosphate ifakwa ku-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, ukuze womabili ama-molecule adlulele esigabeni esilandelayo se-glycolysis. Ekugcineni, esigabeni sokugcina, ukwakheka kwe-ATP ne-NADH kwenzeka. I-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate iguqulelwa ku-1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, futhi i-NADH ne-ATP ikhiqizwa ngochungechunge lokusabela kwamakhemikhali. I-1,3-bisphosphoglycerate ekugcineni iguqulelwa ku-pyruvate, ikhiqize ama-molecule amabili engeziwe ATP.
Umsebenzi nezici zomjikelezo we-Krebs ekukhiqizeni amandla
Umjikelezo we-Krebs, owaziwa nangokuthi umjikelezo we-citric acid noma umjikelezo we-tricarboxylic acid, uyisiteji esibalulekile kunqubo yokukhiqiza amandla kumaseli. Le ndlela ye-metabolic yenzeka ku-matrix ye-mitochondrial futhi inhloso yayo eyinhloko i-oxidation ephelele yamaqembu e-acetyl ekuwohlokeni kwe-glucose nama-fatty acid molecules.
Izici eziyinhloko zomjikelezo we-Krebs yilezi:
- Umjikelezo ovaliwe: Umjikelezo we-Krebs uyinqubo ye-cyclic lapho imikhiqizo yokusabela okukodwa idla ngqo kokulandelayo. Kuwukulandelana okuqhubekayo kokusabela kwamakhemikhali okuphindaphinda kaningi.
- Ukukhiqizwa kwe-NADH ne-FADH2: Phakathi nomjikelezo we-Krebs, ama-molecule e-NADH kanye ne-FADH2 akhiqizwa, okungabathwali be-electron. Lawa ma-molecule acebile amandla kamuva azosetshenziswa ochungechungeni lwezokuthutha lwama-electron ukuze akhe i-adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
- Ukukhiqizwa kwama-molecule e-ATP: Kusukela ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali omjikelezo we-Krebs, inani elincane lama-molecule e-ATP akhiqizwa ngokuqondile. Nokho, amandla agcinwe ku-NADH ne-FADH2 ekhiqiziwe azosetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza inani elikhulu kakhulu le-ATP ochungechungeni lwezokuthutha lwama-electron.
- Umthethonqubo omuhle: Umjikelezo we-Krebs ulawulwa kahle ukuvimbela ukungalingani ekukhiqizeni amandla Kunama-enzyme abalulekile alawula izinga lokusabela futhi aqinisekise ukuthi umjikelezo usebenza kahle.
Kafushane, umjikelezo Krebs wephula glucose nama-fatty acid molecules ukuze ukhiqize amandla ngendlela ye-ATP. Ngenxa yomjikelezo wawo ovaliwe, ukukhiqizwa kwe-NADH ne-FADH2, ukukhiqizwa kwama-molecule e-ATP nokulawulwa okuhle, inqubo ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwamaseli kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla ezidalwa eziphilayo.
Iqhaza leketango lokuphefumula esizukulwaneni se-ATP
Iketango lokuphefumula lidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni i-ATP, umthombo oyinhloko wamandla asetshenziswa amangqamuzana ukuze enze imisebenzi yawo ebalulekile. Ngochungechunge lwama-complex nama-enzyme, lolu chungechunge luhambisa ama-electron futhi lusebenzise amandla awo ukumpompa ama-proton kulwelwesi lwangaphakathi lwe-mitochondrial. Le nqubo idala i-proton gradient, yona eqhuba "ukuhlanganiswa" kwe-ATP nge-enzyme ATP synthase.
Iketango lokuphefumula liqukethe izinkimbinkimbi ezine eziyinhloko: i-complex I, i-complex II, i-complex III kanye ne-IV eyinkimbinkimbi, etholakala kulwelwesi lwangaphakathi lwe-mitochondrial. Lezi zakhiwo zakhiwe ngamaprotheni e-transmembrane kanye nama-coenzymes asebenza ndawonye ukudlulisa ama-electron. weketanga. Njengoba ama-electron ehamba phakathi kwezakhiwo, akhulula amandla asetshenziselwa ukumpompa ama-proton esikhaleni se-intermembrane.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-ATP kwenzeka lapho ama-proton ebuyela ohlangothini lwangaphakathi lwe-mitochondrial nge-ATP synthase, i-enzyme ye-transmembrane isebenza njenge-turbine encane futhi yakhiwe ngekhanda le-F1 elikhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ATP, kanye ne-Fo i-eksisi, evumela ukugeleza kwamaphrothoni. Njengoba ama-proton edlula ku-ATP synthase, ikhanda le-F1 liyajikeleza, liqhuba ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ATP kusuka ku-ADP kanye ne-inorganic phosphate. Kafushane, iketango lokuphefumula kanye ne-ATP synthase zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zikhiqize i-ATP emandleni atholakala ekuthuthweni kwama-electron kanye ne-proton gradient.
Izinto ezithinta ukusebenza kahle kokuphefumula kwamaselula
Kunezici eziningana ezingathinta ukusebenza kahle kokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana, inqubo ebalulekile yokusebenza kahle kwezinto eziphilayo. Lezi zici zingaba ngaphakathi nangaphandle futhi umthelela wazo ungahluka kuye ngohlobo lweseli kanye nezimo ezitholakala kuzo. Ngezansi ezinye zezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu:
Amazinga oksijini: Ukutholakala komoyampilo kuyisici esibalulekile sokuphefumula kwamaselula okuphumelelayo. Ukuba khona komoyampilo kuvumela amangqamuzana ukuba enze isigaba sokugcina sokuphefumula, esaziwa ngokuthi i-oxidative phosphorylation, lapho kukhiqizwa khona inani elikhulu le-ATP. Lapho amazinga komoyampilo ephansi, amaseli angaphendukela kwezinye, izindlela ezingasebenzi kahle ze-metabolic ukuze athole amandla.
Izakhi kanye ne-metabolism: Ikhwalithi nenani lemisoco etholakala kumaseli nakho kuthinta ukusebenza kahle kokuphefumula kwamaselula. Ama-carbohydrate, i-lipids namaprotheni yizona zinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kule nqubo. Ngayinye ihlinzeka ngenani elihlukile le-ATP nge-molecule ngayinye, ngakho ukudla okunomsoco, okunothile okunomsoco kubalulekile ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle kwamandla.
Isimo se-Metabolic: Isimo se-metabolic seseli sithonya amandla ayo okuphefumula kwamaselula. ngempumelelo. Izinto ezifana nezinga lomsebenzi womzimba, izinga lokushisa lomzimba kanye nokuba khona kwezinto ezivimbelayo kungathinta ukusebenza kahle kwama-enzyme ahilelekile ezigabeni ezihlukene zokuphefumula kwamaselula. Ukwengeza, izimo ezinjengokucindezeleka kwe-oxidative zingalimaza i-mitochondria, ama-organelles abhekene nokuphefumula kwamaselula, kwehlise ukusebenza kahle kwawo.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kokuphefumula kwamaselula kanye nezifo ze-metabolic
Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo ebalulekile yemetabolism yezinto eziphilayo. Ngalolu chungechunge oluyinkimbinkimbi lokusabela kwamakhemikhali, amangqamuzana athola amandla adingekayo ukuze enze imisebenzi yawo ebalulekile.
Phakathi kwezifo ze-metabolic ezihlobene nokuguqulwa kokuphefumula kwamaselula kukhona:
- Isifo sikaLeigh: Lesi sifo esiwufuzo sithinta kakhulu uhlelo lwezinzwa emaphakathi futhi ibonakala ngokuwohloka okuqhubekayo kwamangqamuzana obuchopho. Ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezihlobene nokuphefumula kwamaselula, njenge-mitochondrial complex I gene, kutholakale ukuthi kuhlotshaniswa nokuqala kwalesi sifo.
- I-Kearns-Sayre syndrome: Kuyisifo sofuzo esingavamile esibonakala ngokuqala kobuthakathaka bemisipha, izinkinga zombono, kanye uhlelo lwezinzwa. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi lesi sifo sihlobene nokuguqulwa kwe-DNA ye-mitochondrial ethinta ukusebenza kweketango lokuphefumula.
- Uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela 2: Nakuba izici eziningi zingaba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2, ucwaningo lwakamuva luveze ukuthi kunobudlelwano phakathi kokungasebenzi kahle kwe-mitochondrial kanye nesici sokumelana ne-insulin yalesi sifo. Ukuphefumula kwamaselula okunganele kungaholela ekwakhekeni kwama-metabolite aphazamisa ukusayina kwe-insulin.
Ekuphetheni, ukuphefumula kwamaselula kudlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ukusebenza kahle kwe-metabolic kule ndlela ye-metabolic kungaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezifo ze-metabolic ezifana nesifo se-Leigh, i-Kearns-Sayre syndrome kanye nohlobo lwe-2 yesifo sikashukela izifo zisinikeza isisekelo sesayensi sokwakhiwa kwamasu okwelapha aphumelela kakhudlwana.
Ukubaluleka kokudla okunomsoco ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphefumula kwamaselula
Ukudla okunomsoco kudlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana, njengoba kunikeza izakhi ezidingekayo ukuze umzimba usebenze kahle. Ukuphefumula kweselula kuyinqubo lapho amaseli eguqula izakhamzimba zibe amandla asebenzisekayo, nokuthi le nqubo yenzeke indlela ephumelelayo, kubalulekile ukuba nokudla okwanele.
Ngokufaka izinhlobonhlobo zokudla ekudleni kwethu, siqinisekisa ukuthi sithola izakhi ezibalulekile zokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana, njengama-carbohydrate, amaprotheni, ama-lipids, amavithamini namaminerali. Lezi zakhi zomsoco zisetshenziswa amangqamuzana ukuthola amandla, ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye ezintsha zamangqamuzana nokusebenza kwezinqubo ze-metabolic kanye ne-biological.
Ukudla okunokulinganisela nakho kunomthelela ekugcineni i-pH eyanele emzimbeni, ebalulekile ukuze ukuphefumula kwamaselula kwenzeke kahle. Ukuze uthole i-pH elinganiselayo, kubalulekile ukudla ukudla okune-alkalizing, njengezithelo nemifino, okusiza ukunciphisa i-acidity ekhiqizwa izinqubo ezithile i-metabolic emzimbeni. Ukwengeza, kubalulekile ukugcina ukugeleza kwamanzi okwanele, njengoba amanzi edlala indima ebalulekile ekuphefumuleni kwamangqamuzana kanye nokuqedwa kwemfucuza ye-metabolic.
Indima yokwelashwa komoyampilo ekukhiqizeni amandla eselula
Ukwelashwa komoyampilo kudlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni amandla eselula. Umoya-mpilo uyisici esibalulekile ochungechungeni lwezinqubo ze-biochemical ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwamaseli ukuze zikhiqize amandla. Ngokwelashwa komoyampilo, kunikezwa umoya-mpilo owengeziwe emzimbeni, okwandisa ukutholakala kwaleli gesi elibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwamaselula.
Lokhu kwelashwa kunikeza izinzuzo eziningi zokukhiqiza amandla kumaseli. Ngokwandisa ukugcwala komoyampilo ezicutshini, inqubo yokuphefumula kwamaselula eyaziwa ngokuthi iketango lokuphefumula iyathuthukiswa, okubalulekile ekukhiqizeni i-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), i-molecule yamandla eshayela yonke imisebenzi. Umoya-mpilo usebenza njengomamukeli wokugcina we-electron kuleli chenge, ovumela ukukhiqizwa okuphezulu kwe-ATP.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwelashwa komoyampilo kuthanda i-aerobic metabolism, esebenza kahle kakhulu kune-anaerobic metabolism ekukhiqizeni amandla. Yandisa ikhono lomzimba lokusebenzisa amafutha neglucose njengemithombo yamandla, esiza ukugcina ukutholakala kwe-ATP njalo. Ngokufanayo, ukwelashwa komoya-mpilo kukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwe-mitochondria entsha, ama-organelles abhekele ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kumaseli, okunomthelela ekusebenzeni kahle kwamandla emzimbeni.
- Ukwelashwa komoyampilo kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kweketango lokuphefumula, okwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-ATP.
- Ithuthukisa imetabolism ye-aerobic, ikhulisa ukusebenza kahle ekukhiqizeni amandla amaselula.
- Ikhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwe-mitochondria entsha, ithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla omzimba.
Sengiphetha, ukwelapha komoyampilo kudlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwamandla eselula ngokuthuthukisa iketango lokuphefumula kanye nokukhuthaza umzimba we-aerobic Ngokuhlinzeka komoyampilo owengeziwe, lokhu kwelashwa kuthuthukisa ikhono lomzimba lokukhiqiza i-ATP futhi kugcinwe amandla anele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusiza ukuhlanganiswa kwe-mitochondria entsha, okunomthelela ku-a ukusebenza kahle okukhulu amandla kumaseli nasemzimbeni uwonke.
Izindlela zokulinganisa nokuhlaziya umsebenzi wokuphefumula kwamaselula
Angamathuluzi ayisisekelo okuqonda nokufunda izinqubo ze-metabolic ezenzeka kumaseli. Lezi zindlela zenza kube nokwenzeka ukulinganisa izinga lokuphefumula, ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, nokunquma ama-substrates asetshenziswa kule nqubo.
Kunezindlela ezimbalwa ezitholakalayo zokulinganisa nokuhlaziya umsebenzi wokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana, phakathi kwawo okulandelayo okugqamayo:
- Indlela yokusebenzisa umoya-mpilo: Le ndlela ihlanganisa ukukala inani lomoya-mpilo osetshenziswa amaseli ngesikhathi sokuphefumula. I-electrode oksijini ezwelayo isetshenziselwa ukurekhoda izinguquko ekugxiliseni oksijeni oncibilike kusampula.
- Indlela yokukhiqiza i-carbon dioxide: Le ndlela ikala inani le-carbon dioxide ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuphefumula kwamaselula. Imishini yokuthola i-Carbon dioxide isetshenziselwa ukulinganisa amazinga ale gesi kusampula.
- Indlela yokulinganisa ye-ATP: I-ATP iwumthombo oyinhloko wamandla asetshenziswa amaseli. Le ndlela isekelwe ekutholeni nasekulinganiseni amazinga e-ATP akhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuphefumula kwamaselula. Kusetshenziswa inqubo ebizwa nge-luciferase-luciferin ekhipha ukukhanya phambi kwe-ATP.
Lezi zindlela zinikeza ulwazi olubalulekile ngomsebenzi wokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana futhi zivumela ukuqhathaniswa kwezimo ezihlukahlukene zokuhlola, ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwezidakamizwa noma izinhlanganisela ezivimbelayo, kanye nocwaningo lwezifo ezihlobene nokuphefumula kanye nokuphazamiseka. imetabolism yamaseli. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa inhlanganisela yezindlela ukuze uthole imiphumela enembe kakhudlwana nephelele ekuhlaziyeni umsebenzi wokuphefumula kwamaselula.
Izincomo zokuthuthukisa impilo ye-mitochondrial nokukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwamandla
I-Mitochondria iyi-organelles ebalulekile kumaseli ethu anesibopho sokukhiqiza amandla ngenqubo yokuphefumula kwamaselula. Ukuze uthuthukise impilo ye-mitochondrial futhi ukhuthaze ukukhiqizwa kwamandla, ungalandela lezi zincomo:
- Ukudla okunomsoco: Ukudla ukudla okunomsoco okunomsoco kubalulekile ukugcina impilo ye-mitochondrial. Beka kuqala ukudla okunjengezithelo, imifino, amaprotheni ekhwalithi, namafutha anempilo njengamafutha omnqumo namantongomane.
- Ukuzivocavoca okuvamile: Ukuzivivinya umzimba njalo kukhuthaza kokubili ukusebenza kwe-mitochondrial kanye ne-biogenesis. Ukwenza njalo ukuvivinya umzimba kwe-aerobic namandla kungasiza ukuthuthukisa impilo ye-mitochondria yakho.
- Ukulala kwekhwalithi: Ukuphumula okwanele kubalulekile ekuvuseleleni nasekulungiseni i-mitochondria. Zama ukulala amahora angu-7 kuye kwayi-9 ngosuku endaweni ekahle yokulala futhi usungule izinqubo ezikusiza uphumule. ngaphambi kokulala.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zincomo, kunezinye izindlela ezingasiza ekuthuthukiseni impilo ye-mitochondrial. Phakathi kwabo kukhona:
- Izithako zokudla okunempilo: Ezinye izithasiselo ezifana ne-coenzyme Q10, i-carnitine, i-alpha-lipoic acid, namavithamini B angase abe nenzuzo empilweni ye-mitochondrial kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla amaselula.
- Ukulawula ingcindezi nemizwa: Ukucindezeleka okungapheli kungathinta kabi umsebenzi we-mitochondrial. Ukuzijwayeza amasu okulawula ingcindezi njengokuzindla, i-yoga noma ukwelashwa kokuziphatha kwengqondo kungasiza ekunciphiseni imiphumela yako eyingozi.
- Gwema ubuthi bemvelo: Ukuchayeka ezintweni ezinobuthi njengezibulala-zinambuzane, amakhemikhali ezimboni, nentuthu kagwayi kungalimaza i-mitochondria. Gcina indawo yakho ingenazo izinto ezingcolisayo futhi ubheke imikhiqizo yemvelo neyemvelo noma nini lapho kungenzeka.
Iziphetho mayelana nokuphefumula kwamaselula kanye nokubandakanyeka kwawo ekusebenzeni kwamaselula
Iziphetho ezitholwe mayelana nokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana kanye nokubandakanyeka kwawo ekusebenzeni kwamangqamuzana kubaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni webhayoloji yamangqamuzana ne-biochemistry. Ngocwaningo olwenziwe, kukhonjisiwe ukuthi ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwamaseli, njengoba kunikeza amandla adingekayo ukwenza yonke imisebenzi yamaselula.
Okokuqala, kufakazelwe ukuthi ukuphefumula kwamaselula kwenzeka kuma-organelles abizwa nge-mitochondria, lapho ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kwenzeka okuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwe-ATP, i-molecule yamandla esetshenziswa amaseli esebenza kahle kakhulu futhi evumela ukutholakala kwenani elikhulu lamandla ekuwohlokeni kwezakhi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana kuye kwabonwa kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ibhalansi yeselula kanye ne-homeostasis. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-ATP ngokuphefumula kwamaselula kuvumela ukuhlanganiswa kwama-macromolecules kanye nokuthuthwa okusebenzayo kwezinto kulo lonke ulwelwesi lweseli. Ngokufanayo, ukuphefumula kwamaselula kunikeza ama-coenzymes adingekayo ekuphenduleni kwe-metabolic futhi kubambe iqhaza ekuqedeni imikhiqizo engcolile, njenge-carbon dioxide.
Imibuzo Nezimpendulo
Q: Kuyini ukukhiqizwa kokuphefumula kwamaselula?
A: Ukukhiqizwa kokuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo ye-biochemical lapho amaseli ethola khona amandla ekuqhekekeni kwama-molecule e-glucose nezinye izinhlanganisela eziphilayo ngochungechunge lokusabela kwamakhemikhali.
Q: Iyini inhloso yokuphefumula kwamaselula ukukhiqizwa?
A: Umgomo oyinhloko wokukhiqizwa kokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana ukukhiqiza i-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), i-molecule enikeza amandla okwenza yonke imisebenzi yamaselula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhutha namanzi kukhiqizwa njengemfucumfucu.
Q: Yiziphi izigaba zokukhiqizwa kokuphefumula kwamaselula?
A: Ukukhiqizwa kokuphefumula kwamaselula kuhlanganisa izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-glycolysis, umjikelezo we-Krebs (noma umjikelezo we-citric acid), kanye ne-oxidative phosphorylation. I-Glycolysis yenzeka ku-cytoplasm yeseli, kuyilapho umjikelezo we-Krebs kanye ne-phosphorylation ye-oxidative kwenzeka ku-mitochondria.
Umbuzo: Iyini i-glycolysis?
A: I-Glycolysis yisigaba sokuqala sokukhiqizwa kwamaselula. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, i-molecule ye-glucose eyodwa ihlukaniswa ibe ama-molecule amabili e-pyruvate, ikhiqize inani elincane lama-ATP ne-NADH njengemikhiqizo. Le nqubo ayidingi i-oxygen futhi ingenzeka kokubili lapho kukhona khona kanye nokungabikho komoya-mpilo.
Q: Uyini umsebenzi womjikelezo we-Krebs?
A: Umjikelezo we-Krebs uyisigaba esibalulekile sokukhiqizwa kwamaselula. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, i-pyruvate ekhiqizwe ku-glycolysis ibhidlizwa ngokuphelele futhi i-carbon dioxide iyakhululwa, ikhiqize ama-molecule engeziwe e-ATP ne-NADH. Lesi sigaba sisandulela se-phosphorylation ye-oxidative.
Q: Iquketheni i-phosphorylation ye-oxidative?
A: I-phosphorylation ye-oxidative yisigaba sokugcina sokukhiqizwa kokuphefumula kwamaselula futhi senzeka kulwelwesi lwangaphakathi lwe-mitochondria. Phakathi lesi sigaba, ama-electron athwalwa ama-molecule e-NADH kanye ne-FADH₂ akhiqizwe ezigabeni ezedlule asetshenziselwa ukudala i-proton gradient yonkana kulwelwesi lwe-mitochondrial, okuvumela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ATP.
Q: Kwenzekani ku-carbon dioxide nasemanzini akhiqizwa ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula?
A: I-Carbon dioxide namanzi yimikhiqizo emoshayo yokukhiqizwa kokuphefumula kwamaselula. I-carbon dioxide ikhishwa ingene egazini bese ikhishwa ngamaphaphu, kuyilapho amanzi engase aphinde amuncwa umzimba noma akhishwe ngomchamo, umjuluko, nokuphefumula.
Q: Kubaluleke kangakanani ukukhiqizwa kokuphefumula kwamaselula ezintweni eziphilayo?
A: Ukukhiqizwa kokuphefumula kwamaselula kubalulekile ukuze kuphile izinto eziphilayo, njengoba kunikeza amandla adingekayo ukuze kwenziwe yonke imisebenzi yeselula, kusukela ekunyakazeni kuya ekuhlanganiseni kwamaprotheni kanye nokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA Ngaphandle kokukhiqizwa kwe-ATP ngokusebenzisa ukuphefumula kwamaselula, amaseli abengeke abe bakwazi ukufeza imisebenzi yabo ebalulekile.
Ekuphetheni
Kafushane, ukukhiqizwa kokuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo eyisisekelo yokuthola amandla kumaseli Ngochungechunge lokusabela kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo, ukuguqulwa kwama-molecule e-organic abe yi-ATP, imali yamandla ezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kukhiqizwa kwamandla kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwezidalwa eziphilayo, kuzivumela ukuthi zenze yonke imisebenzi yamaselula edingekayo ukuze ziphile nokusebenza kwazo. Nakuba kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kulawulwa kakhulu, inqubo yokukhiqiza ukuphefumula kwamaselula ibonisa ukusebenza kahle nokunemba amangqamuzana angakhipha ngawo amandla endaweni yawo. Kafushane, ukuqonda ukukhiqizwa kokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana kusinika umbono ocacile wezinqubo ezibalulekile ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwamangqamuzana ethu, ngaleyo ndlela kube nesandla ekuqondeni okujulile kokuphila ngokwako.
Ngingu-Sebastián Vidal, unjiniyela wekhompyutha ozifelayo ngobuchwepheshe kanye ne-DIY. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngingumdali we tecnobits.com, lapho ngabelana khona ngezifundo zokwenza ubuchwepheshe bufinyeleleke kakhudlwana futhi buqonde wonke umuntu.