Isifinyezo se-Computer Generations

A Isifinyezo Sezizukulwane Zekhompyutha: Ukubuka komlando kokuvela⁤ kwemishini yekhompyutha. Kusukela kumakhompuyutha amakhulu⁤ nakudala esizukulwane sokuqala kuya kumadivayisi⁢ wesimanje ukucubungula idatha Amakhompiyutha anamuhla asehambe ibanga elide ngokomthamo, ubukhulu kanye nesivinini. Lesi sihloko sinikeza isifinyezo esimaphakathi sobuchwepheshe sezizukulwane ezihlukene zamakhompuyutha, sigqamisa izici eziyinhloko nokuthuthuka okuchaze isigaba ngasinye.

Isizukulwane sokuqala: Iminyaka yama-40 nama-50 yaphawula ukuzalwa kwamakhompiyutha e-electronic. Lezi mishini emikhulu, esekelwe kuma-vacuum valves namakhadi anezimbobo, zazizinkulu futhi zidinga ukufakwa okuwubukhazikhazi. Nakuba ijubane labo lalilinganiselwe, babengamaphayona ekucutshungulweni kolwazi lwedijithali futhi babesetshenziselwa kakhulu izibalo zesayensi eziyinkimbinkimbi nemisebenzi yezempi.

Isizukulwane sesibili: Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-transistor ngeminyaka yawo-50 kwaletha uguquko kubuchwepheshe bamakhompiyutha Ngosayizi omncane kakhulu nokuqina okukhulu, ama-transistors athatha indawo yamashubhu e-vacuum amakhulu, avumela ukuncipha okukhulu kobukhulu bemishini kanye nokwanda okukhulu kwejubane lawo. namandla okucubungula. Amakhompyutha alesi sizukulwane abethembeke kakhulu futhi efinyeleleka, andisa ⁢ukusetshenziswa kwawo⁤ kuzilungiselelo zezemfundo nezamabhizinisi.

Isizukulwane sesithathu: ⁣Maphakathi nawo-60s, ⁢ukusungulwa kwesekethe ehlanganisiwe (IC) kumake okunye ukugxuma kobuchwepheshe. emlandweni yamakhompyutha. Amasekhethi ahlanganisiwe avumela ukuhlangana kwama-transistors amaningana ku-chip eyodwa, okwenze kube lula ukwenziwa kwemishini encane futhi kwandise isivinini sawo nekhono lokucubungula. Lesi sizukulwane siphinde sabona ukuvela kwezilimi zokuqala zokuhlela ezisezingeni eliphezulu, okwenze i-automation enkulu kanye nokukhiqizwa kwesoftware eyinkimbinkimbi.

Isizukulwane sesine: Ngama-70s, inkathi yama-microprocessors yaphawula ukuqala. Lawa madivayisi ahlanganiswe ngokugcwele aqukethe zonke izakhi ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni kusuka kukhompuyutha ngaphakathi kwe-silicon chip⁤ eyodwa, okuqhubeka nokunciphisa usayizi wemishini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bethula izinhlelo ezisebenzayo esebenza kahle kakhulu futhi kwathuthukiswa ukuxhumana kokuqala okunezithombe, okuthuthukise ulwazi lomsebenzisi kanye nokufinyelela olwazini.

Isizukulwane sesihlanu: Iminyaka eyishumi yama-80s kanye nama-90s yabona ukuvela kwama-supercomputers kanye ukuhlakanipha okungekhona okwangempela. Amakhompiyutha amakhulu, ngamandla awo okucubungula athuthuke kakhulu, enze kwaba nokwenzeka ukulingisa izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokuhlaziywa kwenani elikhulu ledatha. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa baqala ukuzuza umhlaba ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zochwepheshe kanye nokucutshungulwa kolimi lwemvelo, kwabeka isisekelo sentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo kukhompyutha.

Sengiphetha, kuzo zonke izizukulwane ezihlukene, ukuvela kwamakhompiyutha kuye kwahlaba umxhwele, kusukela ekuthatheni amagumbi wonke kuya ekungeneni entendeni yesandla. ⁢Isivinini, amandla okucubungula, kanye nokusebenza kwalawa madivayisi kuthuthuke kakhulu, kushintsha indlela esisebenzisana ngayo nolwazi futhi kuguqule cishe yonke ingxenye yezimpilo zethu.

1. Incazelo kanye nezigaba zezizukulwane zamakhompyutha

Isizukulwane sokuqala: Lesi sizukulwane samakhompyutha saqala ngawo-1940 futhi sasibonakala ngokusetshenziswa ama-vacuum valves esikhundleni sama-transistors wokucubungula idatha Le mishini yayimikhulu, ibiza, futhi idla amandla amaningi Ikwazi ukwenza umsebenzi owodwa ngesikhathi futhi yahlelwa ngolimi lomshini. Izibonelo ezithile Kula makhompyutha kukhona i-ENIAC kanye ne-UNIVAC.

Isizukulwane sesibili: Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950, kwasungulwa isizukulwane sesibili samakhompyutha, okuyinto esikhundleni samashubhu e-vacuum ngama-transistors. Lokhu kuvumele amakhompyutha ukuthi abe mancane, asheshe, futhi asebenzise amandla amancane. Inkumbulo kaMagnetic nayo yethulwa, eyathuthukisa inkumbulo ukugcina idatha.⁣ Ngalesi sikhathi, izilimi zokuhlela ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezifana ne-COBOL ne-FORTRAN zathuthukiswa.

Isizukulwane sesithathu: Ngawo-1960s, isizukulwane sesithathu samakhompyutha akhiqizwa, okuyinto kwakusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwamasekethe ahlanganisiwe. Lezi zifunda ezihlanganisiwe zivumele isivinini sokucubungula kanye nomthamo wokugcina idatha ukuthi ukhuliswe. Ukwengeza, umqondo wokwabelana isikhathi wethulwa, okwavumela abantu abambalwa ukuthi basebenzise ikhompuyutha efanayo ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngalesi sigaba, ulimi lokuhlela lwe-BASIC lwathuthukiswa futhi kwasungulwa amasistimu okusebenza athuthuke kakhulu.

2. Ukuvela kwehadiwe esizukulwaneni ngasinye samakhompyutha

Emhlabeni ohlaba umxhwele wobuchwepheshe, ukuvela kwe-hardware ezizukulwaneni zamakhompyutha Kuye kwaba njalo okuthakazelisayo. Kusukela kumakhompyutha okuqala kuze kube namuhla, sibone izinto ezintsha ezingakaze zibonwe eziguqule indlela esiphila ngayo nesisebenza ngayo. Isizukulwane ngasinye silethe intuthuko enkulu mayelana namakhono okucubungula, ukugcinwa, kanye nokuxhumana.

Ku isizukulwane sokuqala samakhompyutha, eyaqala kusukela ngawo-40 kuya ekuqaleni kwawo-60, le mishini yayimikhulu futhi isebenzisa amavalvu e-electronic ukuze yenze izibalo. Isivinini sokucubungula kanye nomthamo wesitoreji bekunomkhawulo kakhulu. Nokho, ngalesi sikhathi ukuthuthukiswa kwe- ikhompuyutha yokuqala okungokoqobo: i-ENIAC, eyaphawula ukuqala kwenkathi entsha.

Ngokuhamba phambili ukuya ku isizukulwane sesibili Kumakhompiyutha, ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950, ama-transistors athatha indawo yamashubhu kagesi. Lokhu kwavumela usayizi wemishini ukuba uncishiswe futhi isivinini sokucubungula sikhuphuke. Ukwengeza, izilimi zokuqala zokuhlela zezinga eliphezulu zethulwa, okusiza ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe eyinkimbinkimbi. Lokhu kuthuthuka kwabeka isisekelo sokuvela kwamakhompiyutha amancane kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuqala zemisebenzi eminingi.

3. Ukuthuthukiswa kwesoftware kanye nomthelela wayo ezizukulwaneni ezahlukene⁤ zamakhompyutha

Izizukulwane zamakhompyutha bezilokhu zivela eminyakeni edlule, ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwesofthiwe ebashayelayo. Isizukulwane ngasinye ⁣ simele ukuqhubekela phambili ⁤okubalulekile mayelana nomthamo wokucubungula, isivinini kanye nomthamo wesitoreji. Njengoba isofthiwe ikhula, izizukulwane zamakhompiyutha ziba namandla futhi ziguquguquke, okunomthelela oqondile wethu impilo yansuku zonke.

Isizukulwane sokuqala samakhompyutha Kwakubonakala ngokusetshenziswa kwama-vacuum valves futhi kwahlala izikhala ezinkulu zomzimba. Isofthiwe yale nkathi yayisesigabeni sokuqala futhi yayilinganiselwe ezinhlelweni ezilula ezifana nokubala kwezibalo kanye nokusebenza kwezibalo okuyisisekelo. Naphezu kwale mikhawulo, lesi bekuyisiqalo soguquko lwezobuchwepheshe obeluzoguqula umhlaba wekhompyutha unomphela.

Isizukulwane sesibili⁤ samakhompyutha Iphawule impumelelo ngokushintsha amashubhu e-vacuum nama-transistors, okuvumela usayizi ohlangene kanye nokusebenza okuphezulu. Kulesi sigaba, isofthiwe yaqala ukuthuthukiswa ngokuphelele futhi izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuqala zenziwa. Amakhompyutha angasebenzisa izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi enze imisebenzi ehlukahlukene, njengokuphatha amafayela nokusebenzisa izinhlelo zemisebenzi eminingi.

4. Intuthuko ekugcineni idatha namandla okucubungula

Isizukulwane sokuqala: Ngalesi sigaba⁢, ukugcinwa kwedatha namandla okucubungula bekunomkhawulo kakhulu Amakhompyutha asebenzisa amashubhu e-vacuum ukuze enze izibalo namakhadi agxishiwe ukuze agcine ulwazi. Lezi zingcezu zemishini zazinkulu futhi zidinga indawo ebonakalayo enkulu. Ukwengeza, isivinini sayo sokucubungula besihamba kancane, okwenza kube nzima ukuphatha amavolumu amakhulu wedatha.

Isizukulwane sesibili: Ngokuthuthukiswa kwama-transistors, kwafinyelelwa intuthuko enkulu ekugcineni idatha namandla okucubungula. Amakhompyutha alesi sizukulwane ayemancane futhi esebenza kahle kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amateyipu kazibuthe aqala ukusetshenziswa futhi ushayela kanzima ukugcina ulwazi, oluvumele ukufinyelela okungcono kudatha. Naphezu kwalezi ntuthuko, bekusadingeka ukwenza imisebenzi ngokulandelana, obekukhawulela isivinini sokucubungula.

Isizukulwane sesithathu: Ukufika kwamasekethe adidiyelwe kwaphawula ingqopha-mlando ekugcinweni kwedatha namandla okucubungula Amakhompiyutha alesi sikhathi ayeshesha kakhulu futhi angenza imisebenzi eminingi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imidiya yokugcina esebenza kahle yaqala ukusetshenziswa, njengamadrayivu e-floppy disk nama-optical disks. Lokhu kuvumele ukufinyelela okusheshayo kudatha kanye nomthamo omkhulu wesitoreji. Nokho, naphezu kwalezi ntuthuko, amakhompiyutha asadinga inani elikhulu lendawo ebonakalayo.

5. Ithonya lezizukulwane zamakhompiyutha emphakathini nasebhizinisini

Isifinyezo se-Computer Generations

Izizukulwane zamakhompyutha zibe ne- umthelela omkhulu emphakathini nasebhizinisini eminyakeni edlule. Isizukulwane ngasinye size nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe eguqule indlela esiphila ngayo nesisebenza ngayo.

isizukulwane sokuqala yama-computer, ayehlanganisa imishini emikhulu eyayithatha amagumbi wonke, akwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukubala izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi kucutshungulwe idatha ngokuphumelelayo kunanini ngaphambili. Le mishini yayisetshenziswa kakhulu izikhungo zezemfundo nezikahulumeni ukwenza imisebenzi yesayensi nezempi.

Isizukulwane sesibili Ibone ukwethulwa kwamakhompiyutha ashintshashintshayo, amancane futhi asheshayo kunawandulelayo. Lawa makhompyutha enze ukusetshenziswa kwezilimi zokuhlela ezisezingeni eliphezulu kwaba nokwenzeka futhi asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene zebhizinisi, njenge-accounting kanye nokucubungula idatha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhompyutha alesi sizukulwane nawo asetshenziselwa ukuthuthukiswa kwemidlalo yevidiyo yokuqala nezinhlelo zokuzijabulisa.

6. Izinselelo namathuba ezizukulwaneni ezizayo zamakhompyutha

Izizukulwane ezizayo zamakhompiyutha zizobhekana nezinselelo namathuba ahlukahlukene azobumba inkambo yobuchwepheshe Enye yezinselelo ezinkulu kuzoba ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ezisebenza kahle nezisimeme ngokombono wamandla. Emhlabeni oqaphela kakhulu umthelela wendawo,⁢ ukwehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kuzoba—okuhamba phambili kumakhompyutha wesikhathi esizayo. Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu, kuyodingeka intuthuko ekwenziweni okuncane kwezingxenye, ekwenzeni amaphrosesa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo. Ngokunjalo, ithuba liyavuleka ukuze kusetshenziswe amandla obuchwepheshe obusafufusa, obufana ne-quantum computing, ukuxazulula izinkinga ihlanganisa kahle kakhulu.

Enye inselele efanelekile kuzoba ukwanda kokugcinwa kwedatha namandla okucubungula. Ngokukhula okunamandla kolwazi olukhiqizwe abasebenzisi kanye nokuxhumana komhlaba wonke, amakhompyutha wesikhathi esizayo azodinga ukuthi akwazi ukuphatha idatha enkulu ngokushesha nangempumelelo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezintsha kanye namasu okukhiqiza kuzokwandisa umthamo wokulondoloza futhi kuqinisekise isivinini esikhulu sokucubungula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa ⁢ama-algorithms⁤ athuthuke kakhulu kanye⁤ nokusetshenziswa ⁣ kobuhlakani bokwenziwa⁢ kuzoba yisisekelo⁢ ukuze ulawule ⁤ulwazi ⁤ngobuhlakani futhi ukhiphe ulwazi oluwusizo.

Ekugcineni, ukuvikeleka kolwazi kuzovela njengenye yezinselelo ezinkulu ezizukulwaneni ezizayo zamakhompyutha. Ngokukhula kokuhlaselwa ku-inthanethi kanye nokubaluleka kokuvikela idatha ebucayi, kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokuphepha eziqine kakhulu nezivumelwano. Lokhu kuzobandakanya ukuthuthuka kwe-hardware ne-software design, ‍ kanye nokuqeqeshwa kochwepheshe abakhethekile kwezokuphepha kwamakhompyutha. Ukubethelwa kwedatha, ukuqinisekiswa kwebhayomethrikhi kanye nokuhlaziywa kokuziphatha kuzoba amanye amasu azosetshenziswa ukuvikela ulwazi endaweni eya ngokuya idijithali.

Kafushane, izizukulwane ezizayo zamakhompiyutha zizobhekana nezinselele ezibalulekile zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, njengokusebenza kahle kwamandla, ukugcinwa kwedatha nokuphepha. Kodwa-ke, akhona namathuba ajabulisayo okusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusafufusa nokubhekana nalezi zinselele ngezindlela ezintsha. Ukuthuthuka kanye nentuthuko kulezi zindawo kuzoba ukhiye wenqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuhlomula komphakathi wonkana.

7. Izincomo zokuthuthukisa izinsiza esizukulwaneni ngasinye samakhompyutha

Izizukulwane zamakhompiyutha bezilokhu zivela ngokuhamba kweminyaka, zihlinzeka ngamakhono amakhulu kanye nezinsizakusebenza. Okulandelayo, kuzokwethulwa uchungechunge lwezincomo ukuze kukhuliswe ukusebenza kahle esizukulwaneni ngasinye.

Okokuqala, esizukulwaneni sokuqala ⁢samakhompuyutha, ⁤iphawulwe ⁤ngokusetshenziswa ⁢amavalvu e-vacuum, ibalulekile nokwandisa isikhala ngokomzimba. Lawa makhompyutha athathe indawo enkulu ngenxa yobukhulu bamavalvu, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukwenza ukwakheka okwanele ukuze kusetshenziswe ngokugcwele indawo etholakalayo.

Endaweni yesibili, esizukulwaneni sesibili samakhompyutha, asekelwe kuma-transistors, ⁢ibalulekile lungiselela ukusetshenziswa⁤ kwenkumbulo. Kucatshangelwa ukuthi kulesi sigaba usayizi wezingxenye wehlisiwe, kubalulekile ukuphatha kahle inkumbulo etholakalayo ukugwema ukumosha izinsiza kanye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle.

Okokugcina, esizukulwaneni sesithathu samakhompiyutha, lapho izifunda ezihlanganisiwe zethulwa khona, kubalulekile nokwandisa ukuphathwa kwamandla. Ukusetshenziswa kahle kwamandla kagesi kuvumela impilo ewusizo yezingxenye ukuthi inwetshwe futhi, futhi, kunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza. Ukufeza lokhu, kunconywa ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokonga amandla kanye nama-algorithms okuphatha ahlakaniphile.

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