I-X-59: Indiza ye-supersonic ethule efuna ukushintsha imithetho yesibhakabhaka

Ukuphuma kwelanga eSouthern California sekuphenduke indawo yengqophamlando egqama kakhulu ekundizeni kwakamuva: the Indiza yokuqala ye-X-59, indiza ethule ye-Supersonic evela ku-NASA kanye ne-Lockheed MartinNgesilhouette eside kanye nekhala elincanyana ngokwedlulele, lesi sibonelo sokuhlola sithathelwe emoyeni okokuqala ngqa ngenhloso ecace kakhulu: ukukhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukundiza ngokushesha kunejubane lomsindo ngaphandle komsindo osekuke kwahambisana nalolu hlobo lwezindiza ngokomlando.

Le ndiza yokuqala, ethathe isikhathi esingaphezudlwana kwehora, ikuqinisekisile lokho Isakhiwo sendiza, amasistimu asemoyeni, nezilawuli zisebenza njengoba kulindelekile.Enkampanini yasemkhathini yase-US, i-X-59 akuyona nje indiza ewubukhazikhazi, kodwa ingqikithi yomsebenzi okuthi, uma konke kuhamba kahle, ingashintsha imithetho yokundiza okunamandla ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi e-United States, eYurophu nasemhlabeni wonke.

Uhlobo oluhlukile lwendiza: sala kahle ku-sonic boom

Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, isithiyo esikhulu sokundiza kwe-Supersonic yezentengiselwano kube yi- i-boom noma i-sonic boom eyenzeka lapho umgoqo womsindo wephukileLokho kuqhuma, okubangelwa ukuhlangana kwamagagasi okwethuka azungeze indiza, akuwona nje umsindo ocasulayo: kungabangela ukundindizela okukhulu, kukhenceze amafasitela, futhi kubangele zonke izinhlobo zezikhalazo phansi, kuze kufike ezingeni lokubangela Ukwenqatshelwa okusobala ezindizeni ezihamba phambili emhlabeni emazweni afana ne-United States.

I-Concorde, isithonjana sezindiza zomphakathi zekhulu lama-20, yayiyisibonelo esicacile sale mikhawulo. Indiza ngesivinini esikhulu phakathi kweYurophu neMelika, kodwa Wayekwazi ukusizakala ngamakhono akhe aphezulu ngaphezu kolwandle.kude namadolobha. Lo mkhawulo, uhlangene nezindleko nezinkinga zokusebenza, wagcina uholele ekuhoxisweni kwawo emsebenzini ngo-2003, okushiya igebe kwezokuthutha ezihamba ngesivinini esikhulu.

I-X-59 idalwe kahle ukuze kubhekwane naleyo nkinga. I-NASA kanye no-Lockheed Martin bakhe i-a indiza eklanyelwe kusukela ekuqaleni yehlisa kakhulu umthelela we-acoustic wendiza ye-SupersonicUmbono awukona kakhulu ukuhamba ngokushesha kunanoma ubani omunye, kodwa ukufeza lapho wephula umgoqo womsindo, esikhundleni somsindo ofana nokuqhuma, emhlabeni kubonwa kuphela i-thud ethule noma "impompi ethambile", njengoba kuchazwe inkampani ngokwayo.

Ngakho-ke isidlaliso sangaphakathi sobuchwepheshe obufakwe kudivayisi: ethule supersonic, noma supersonic athuleUma le ndlela isebenza, iziphathimandla zingabuyekeza imithetho osekuphele amashumi eminyaka ivimbela izindiza ezihamba ngesivinini esikhulu ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi, okuhlanganisa nezingxenye ezinkulu ze-Europe.

Idizayini eyedlulele yokulawula amagagasi okwethuka

Ukufeza lo mphumela we-acoustic olawulwa kakhulu, onjiniyela bakhethe a umklamo ongajwayelekile kakhuluI-X-59 icishe ibe ngamamitha angu-30 ubude kodwa inakho amaphiko amamitha angu-8,9 kuphela kanye ne-fuselage ende, encane, necijileIfana nepensela ye-aerodynamic ngaphezu kwendiza evamile yabagibeli. Le geometry ayiyona nje i-whim yobuhle: yonke isentimitha yesakhiwo ibalwe ukuze ilolonge ukuziphatha kwamagagasi athusayo.

El ikhala elide kakhulu nelicijile Inesibopho "sokulungiselela" umoya isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuthi ufinyelele kuyo yonke i-fuselage, ihlukanise futhi inyakazise amagagasi athusayo esikhundleni sokuwavumela ukuthi ahlangane abe yigagasi elilodwa eliphambili elinamandla. amaphiko amancane kanye nezindawo zokulawula ezishunwe kahle Zibuye zibe nengxenye ekusakazekeni kancane kancane, ukuze umsindo ofika phansi ufane nokushaywa okungacacile kunokuqhuma.

Esinye isici esimangalisayo ukuthi i-X-59 akuyona indiza edalwe kusukela ekuqaleni. U-Lockheed Martin unqume sebenzisa ngokunenzuzo izingxenye esezihloliwe kumajethi okulwa njenge-F-16 ne-F-15Lokhu kubandakanya, ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlanganisa igiya lokufika elisuka ku-F-16 kanye nezinhlelo zokusekela impilo kusuka ezinkundleni zempi ezikhona. Ukuhlanganisa izingxenye ezifakazelwe nobuchwepheshe obusha kunciphisa ubungozi futhi kuvumela imizamo ukuthi igxile esicini esiqanjwe kabusha ngempela: ukulawulwa komsindo okuphezulu.

Ngokwedatha ehlinzekwe wuhlelo ngokwalo, Ijubane lokuhamba nge-design ye-X-59 ngu-Mach 1,4, okulingana ne- about Amakhilomitha angama-1.580 ngehora, endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-16.700 (cishe amafidi angu-55.000). Nakuba i- Indiza yokuqala yenziwa ngesivinini esingaba ngu-370 km/h futhi endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha angu-3,5.Umgomo womkhankaso wokuhlola uwukwandisa kancane kancane imvilophu kuze kufinyelelwe lezo zibalo.

Ilabhorethri endizayo yokushintsha imithetho

Naphezu kokubukeka kwayo kwekusasa, I-X-59 ayihloselwe ukuthwala abagibeli, futhi akuyona i-prototype yendiza yezentengiselwano.I-NASA iyethula ngokucacile njengenkundla yokuhlola eklanyelwe ukuqoqa idatha, kokubili ezobuchwepheshe nezenhlalo, ezokwazisa ushintsho lokulawula esikalini samazwe ngamazwe.

Iphrojekthi ihlanganiswe ngaphakathi kwe Umsebenzi we-NASA's QuestLe phrojekthi ihlose ukukhombisa ukuthi indiza ethulile ye-Supersonic iyasebenza futhi, ngokusekelwe kulokho, inikeza ulwazi kuziphathimandla zezindiza e-United States, Europe, nakwamanye amazwe ukuze zifunde ukubuyekezwa kwemithetho yamanje. I-ejensi igcizelela ukuthi i-X-59 iyi-a ithuluzi lokuvula indlela yemiklamo yezohwebo yesikhathi esizayoakuwona umkhiqizo olungele ukudayiswa.

Eminyakeni ezayo, uhlelo lubandakanya thatha i-X-59 ukuze undize phezu kwemiphakathi eyahlukenekokubili ezindaweni eziqhelelene ngokuqhathaniswa nasezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi, njalo kunezinyathelo ezivamile zokuphepha zohlelo lokuhlola lwalolu hlobo. Inhloso kuzoba ukurekhoda izinga langempela lomsindo phansi futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuhlola ukuthi abantu balubona kanjani lolu hlobo olusha "lwe-sonic blast" nciphile.

Lesi sigaba sezindiza ezinabantu abaningi kakhulu sithathwa njengokhiye ngoba idatha etholiwe izothunyelwa ku-US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) kanye nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana ne-ICAO, ezinomthelela ukuhlelwa kwemithethonqubo ethinta ne-airspace yaseYurophuUma ubufakazi bukhombisa ukuthi umsindo uphansi futhi uyamukeleka, Lokhu kuzovula umnyango wesibuyekezo esizayo semikhawulo yamanje..

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi le mishini isibe nezinguquko eziningi zeshejuli. I-NASA ikuvumile lokho ithole ukwehluleka ezinhlelweni ezingafuneki kanye nokuziphatha okungalindelekile ezingxenyeni ezibucayi Baphoqe ukubambezeleka endizeni yokuqala, ebihlelelwe ekuqaleni. Kodwa-ke, i-ejensi ihumusha lezi zingqinamba njengesiqinisekiso: ukukuhlonza phansi kubavumele Cwenga idizayini futhi wandise imajini yokuphepha kulungiselelwa ukuhlolwa komoya.

Indiza yokuqala: imizuzu engama-67 ephawula inguquko

I-X-59 isuke entathakusa ezindaweni zase- U-Skunk usebenza ePalmdale, eCalifornia)Uphiko lwe-Lockheed Martin lwaziwa ngokwakha amaphrojekthi athuthukile anezinga eliphakeme lobumfihlo. Phakathi nalokhu kundiza kokuqala, indiza yayiphelezelwa indiza yocwaningo ye-NASA i-Boeing F/A-18, abanomthwalo wemfanelo wokubheka ukuziphatha kwabo, ukuwathwebula, kanye nokuhlinzeka ngosekelo lwezokuphepha.

Umshayeli wokuhlola we-NASA ubekwizilawuli Nils Larsoneqede indiza ecishe ibe yimizuzu engama-67. Kulesi sigaba sokuqala, onjiniyela bakhethe ukonga kakhulu: Indiza igcine ijubane eliphansi, negiya lokuhlala linwetshiwe. kulo lonke uhambo endaweni ephakeme ngokuqhathaniswa, ngenhloso eyisisekelo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi amasistimu okulawula aphendule ngokujwayelekile.

Phakathi nohambo, i-X-59 Indize phezu kwendawo ephakathi kwePalmdale nesifunda sase-EdwardsEkugcineni izoncika ekusebenzeni kwe-Armstrong Research Center ye-NASA, nayo eseCalifornia. Lesi sikhungo sizoba yisisekelo semikhankaso elandelayo yokuhlola, ezokhula kancane kancane ebunzimeni: okokuqala, ukuphatha kuzohlolwa ngaphansi kwemithetho yezindiza ehlukene, futhi kamuva, umgomo uzoba ukufeza Isivinini sokuklama singu-Mach 1,4 cishe ngamamitha angu-55.000..

Nakuba amandla ayo aphezulu engakasetshenziswa, i-NASA ikholelwa lokho Le ndiza yokuqala imele isinyathelo esiwujuqu maqondana nekusasa lapho izindiza ezinesivinini esikhulu seziphinde zaba yinsakavukela, kodwa ngaphandle komsindo owake wathinta izimpilo zalabo ababephila ngaphansi kwezindlela zendiza ze-Concorde.

Abamele i-Lockheed Martin bagcizelele ukuthi i-X-59 i isibonelo sohlobo lokuqanjwa kabusha imboni ye-aerospace ehlose ukuyikhuthazaU-John Clark, iphini likamongameli kanye nomphathi jikelele we-Skunk Works, uthe umsebenzi othule we-Supersonic uzoba nomthelela "ohlala njalo futhi oguqulayo" kubantu emhlabeni jikelele. vula amathuba okuhamba emoyeni okusheshayo ehambisana nemiphakathi esezinze emhlabeni.

Njengoba i-X-59 isisemoyeni manje futhi sekulindelwe izivivinyo eziningi, indiza ithatha isinyathelo esiqinile esibheke esigabeni lapho Ukuphula umgoqo womsindo futhi ngeke kusafana nomsindo neziphazamiso.Yini namuhla eyisibonelo sokuhlola esibhakabhakeni phezu kwe-California ingase igcine ibe nomthelela endleleni izindiza eziklanywa futhi zilawulwa ngayo eminyakeni embalwa. Xhuma iYurophu, iMelika, kanye nomhlaba wonke ezikhathini esikhathini esingeside esidlule ezazibonakala njengenganekwane yesayensi..