Iyini inqubo yokuxhumana ye-DNS?

Iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS (Isistimu Yegama Lesizinda) iyingxenye ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwe-inthanethi evumela ukuxazululwa kwamagama wesizinda kumakheli e-IP. Lobu buchwepheshe, obuklanyelwe ukwenza lula ukuxhumana phakathi kwamakhompyutha namadivayisi axhunywe kunethiwekhi, buye kwaba ukhiye ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwe-inthanethi njengoba siyazi namuhla. Kulesi sihloko, sizocubungula ukuthi iyini ngempela iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS, isebenza kanjani, nokuthi buyini ukubaluleka kwayo. emhlabeni yedijithali.

1. Isingeniso sephrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS

Iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS, noma i-Domain Name System, iwubuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo ku-inthanethi obuvumela ukuhunyushwa kwamagama esizinda afundeka umuntu abe amakheli e-IP ezinombolo asetshenziswa amakhompyutha ukuze ahlonze. ku-inthanethi. Nge-DNS, abasebenzisi bangafinyelela amawebhusayithi futhi uthumele ama-imeyili, njengoba umthetho olandelwayo unesibopho sokuxazulula nokuphatha imibuzo yegama lesizinda.

Ukusebenza kwephrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS kusekelwe esakhiweni sesihlahla se-hierarchical, lapho kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaseva e-DNS asebenza ndawonye ukuze axazulule imibuzo yabasebenzisi. Lawa maseva ahlukaniswe ngamaleveli amaningana, njengamaseva ezimpande, amaseva esizinda esiphezulu (i-TLD), namaseva agunyaziwe esizinda esithile.

Njengoba imininingwane yegama lesizinda isatshalaliswa futhi igcinwe kumaseva e-DNS ahlukene, inqubo yokuxazulula imibuzo ibandakanya izigaba ezimbalwa. Uma umsebenzisi enza umbuzo wegama lesizinda, isicelo sakhe sithunyelwa kuseva ye-DNS eseduze. Uma le seva ingenalo ulwazi oludingekayo, ixhumana namanye amaseva e-DNS ize ithole impendulo efanele. Le nqubo ingase ibandakanye imibuzo nezimpendulo eziningi phakathi kwamaseva ahilelekile, kuze kube yilapho ikheli le-IP elihambisanayo elicelwe umsebenzisi ekugcineni linikezwa.

2. Izingxenye kanye nesakhiwo sephrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS

Izingxenye nesakhiwo sephrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS kubalulekile ukuze uqonde ukuthi lolu hlelo lokuxazulula amagama lusebenza kanjani ku-inthanethi. Iphrothokholi ye-DNS yenziwe ngezinto ezihlukene ezisebenzisanayo ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuhunyushwa kwamagama wesizinda kumakheli e-IP nangokuphambene.

1. Amaseva e-DNS: Iphrothokholi ye-DNS isuselwe kungqalasizinda yamaseva e-DNS asabalalisiwe. Lawa maseva anomthwalo wemfanelo wokugcina nokuphatha ulwazi olusegameni lesizinda kanye namakheli awo e-IP ahambisanayo. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaseva e-DNS, njengamaseva ezimpande, amaseva esizinda esiphezulu (i-TLD), namaseva agunyaziwe.

2. Izindawo ze-DNS: Izindawo ze-DNS ziyizigaba ezinengqondo zesikhala segama lesizinda. Indawo ngayinye ihlotshaniswa nesizinda futhi iqukethe ulwazi mayelana namarekhodi e-DNS ahambisana naleso sizinda. Amarekhodi e-DNS angabandakanya ulwazi olufana nekheli le-IP leseva ye-imeyili, ikheli le-IP leseva yewebhu, nezilungiselelo zokuphepha (ezifana namarekhodi e-SPF noma e-DKIM).

3. Isixazululo se-DNS: Isixazululo se-DNS inqubo lapho igama lesizinda lihunyushwa khona ekhelini le-IP. Uma umsebenzisi ezama ukufinyelela iwebhusayithi, idivayisi yakho ithumela isicelo se-DNS sokuthola ikheli le-IP elihambisana naleso sizinda. Lesi sicelo sithunyelwa kuseva ye-DNS, ezobheka ulwazi oludingekayo ezindaweni zayo ze-DNS noma amanye amaseva e-DNS agunyaziwe. Uma ikheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi selitholiwe, idivayisi yomsebenzisi ingasungula uxhumano neseva yewebhu ehambisanayo.

Kafushane, iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS yakhiwe amaseva e-DNS, izindawo ze-DNS, nokulungiswa kwe-DNS. Lezi zingxenye zisebenza ndawonye ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amagama esizinda ahunyushwa ngendlela efanele kumakheli e-IP ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuxhumana. phakathi kwamadivayisi Ku-inthanethi. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi iphrothokholi ye-DNS ibalulekile ekuphequluleni iwebhu nakweminye imisebenzi ye-inthanethi, njengoba ngaphandle kwalolu hlelo lokuxazulula amagama kungaba nzima ukufinyelela izinsiza ku-inthanethi.

3. Ukusebenza okuyisisekelo kwephrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS

Iphrothokholi yezokuxhumana ye-DNS (Domain Name System) ivumela ukuhunyushwa kwamagama esizinda kumakheli e-IP futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwe-inthanethi njengoba yenza ukuphequlula iwebhu kube lula ngokusebenzisa amagama okulula ukuwakhumbula esikhundleni samakheli e-IP ezinombolo.

Ukusebenza okuyisisekelo kwephrothokholi ye-DNS kwenziwa ngochungechunge lwezinyathelo. Okokuqala, lapho ufaka ikheli le-URL esipheqululini, ithumela isicelo kuseva yendawo ye-DNS ukuze ithole ikheli le-IP elihambisana negama lesizinda eliceliwe.

Iseva yendawo ye-DNS ihlola inqolobane yayo ukuze ithole ukuxhumana phakathi kwegama lesizinda nekheli le-IP. Uma ingalutholi ulwazi kunqolobane yayo, ibuza amanye amaseva e-DNS ize ithole ikheli le-IP. Ekugcineni, iseva yendawo ye-DNS ibuyisela ulwazi esipheqululini futhi isungula uxhumano neseva yewebhu ehambisanayo isebenzisa ikheli le-IP elitholiwe.

Kafushane, iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwe-inthanethi ngokuvumela ukuhumusha phakathi kwamagama wesizinda namakheli e-IP. Iziphequluli zewebhu zithumela izicelo kumaseva endawo e-DNS ukuze zithole ikheli le-IP elihambisana negama lesizinda futhi ngaleyo ndlela zithole ukuxhumana neseva yewebhu oyifunayo. Le nqubo iyenziwa ngempumelelo sibonga inqolobane yamaseva e-DNS, agcina imininingwane okuxoxwe ngayo ngaphambilini.

4. Ukubaluleka kwephrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS ku-inthanethi

Iphrothokholi yezokuxhumana ye-DNS (Domain Name System) ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwe-inthanethi ngenxa yekhono layo lokuhumusha amagama wesizinda abe amakheli e-IP. Lokhu kuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bafinyelele izinsiza eziku-inthanethi ngaphandle kwesidingo sokukhumbula amakheli e-IP womunye nomunye. iwebhusayithi abafisa ukuvakashelwa.

Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zephrothokholi ye-DNS ukusebenza kahle kwayo ekuxazululeni igama. Uma umsebenzisi efaka i-URL kusiphequluli sakhe, iphrothokholi ye-DNS isesha abo isizindalwazi ukuthola ikheli le-IP elihlobene nalelo gama lesizinda esithile. Le nqubo iyashesha futhi isobala kumsebenzisi, okwazi ukufinyelela iwebhusayithi ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.

Ngokungeziwe endimeni yayo ekuxazululeni amagama, iphrothokholi ye-DNS nayo ibalulekile ekuphathweni nasekuphathweni kwezizinda. Ivumela abalawuli ukuthi balungiselele amarekhodi e-DNS, njengamarekhodi e-MX okuphathwa kwe-imeyili noma amarekhodi e-SPF ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuqiniso be-imeyili. Lawa marekhodi abalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene ezisekelwe ku-inthanethi. Yingakho ukuqonda nokugcina ukuphathwa kahle kwephrothokholi ye-DNS kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okulungile nokuvikeleka kwenethiwekhi.

5. Izici nezinzuzo zephrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS

Iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS (Domain Name System) iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuphequlula i-inthanethi. Ngalesi sivumelwano, ukuxhumana phakathi kwamagama wesizinda namakheli e-IP kuyasungulwa, okuvumela ukuxhumana phakathi amadivayisi ahlukene kanye namasevisi kunethiwekhi.

Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zephrothokholi ye-DNS yikhono layo lokwenza imibuzo nezimpendulo. indlela ephumelelayo futhi ngokushesha. Ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo sesiphakeli se-hierarchical, kungenzeka ukuxazulula izicelo zokuhumusha kusuka kumagama wesizinda kuya kumakheli e-IP ngokushesha nangokunembile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphrothokholi ye-DNS inezinzuzo ezibalulekile mayelana nokuphepha kanye nokulinganisa. Ngokusebenzisa izinyathelo ezinjengokuqinisekisa iseva nokubethela kokuxhumana, ubuqotho nokugcinwa kuyimfihlo kwedatha edlulisiwe kuqinisekisiwe. Ngokufanayo, ukwakheka kwayo okunokwehla kuyivumela ukuthi ibambe ivolumu enkulu yemibuzo ngasikhathi sinye ngaphandle kokuthinta ikhwalithi nesivinini sezimpendulo.

6. Iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS ngokumelene nezinye izinhlelo zokuxazulula amagama

I-DNS (Isistimu Yegama Lesizinda) iyiphrothokholi yokuxhumana esetshenziselwa ukuxazulula amagama wesizinda kumakheli e-IP. Yize zikhona ezinye izinhlelo zokuxazulula amagama, i-DNS igqama ngokusebenza kahle kwayo, ukuqina, kanye nokusebenziseka kalula.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlelo, i-DNS inikeza izinzuzo ezihlukahlukene ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, isebenza kahle kakhulu, njengoba isebenzisa isistimu ye-caching ukuze igcine imibuzo yangaphambilini ye-DNS enkumbulweni, inciphisa ukubambezeleka ezicelweni ezilandelayo. Ukwengeza, ukukala kwe-DNS kuhle kakhulu, okusho ukuthi ingakwazi ukuphatha umthamo omkhulu wethrafikhi ngaphandle kokwehlisa ukusebenza kwayo.

Enye inzuzo ebalulekile ukuthi kulula ukuyisebenzisa. I-DNS isebenzisa ukwakheka kwesizinda saphezulu, okuvumela inhlangano enengqondo neqondakala kalula yamagama wesizinda. Ukwengeza, isebenzisa izinhlobo ezimbalwa zamarekhodi e-DNS, njenge-A, MX, ne-CNAME, ehlinzeka ngokuguquguquka ekulungiseleleni amasevisi enethiwekhi nokuphatha ama-imeyili.

Kafushane, i-DNS Communication Protocol igqama kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlelo zokuxazulula amagama ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwayo, ukuqina, kanye nokusebenziseka kalula. Ukusebenzisa isistimu ye-caching ukusheshisa imibuzo, iqinisekisa ukulungiswa okusheshayo kwamagama wesizinda. Izakhiwo zayo ezilandelanayo kanye namarekhodi e-DNS ahlukene atholakalayo anikeza ukuguquguquka okukhulu ekulungiseleleni amasevisi nokuphatha ama-imeyili. Ukwengeza, ikhono layo lokuphatha umthamo omkhulu wethrafikhi liyenza ibe ukukhetha okuthembekile ekuxazululeni igama le-inthanethi.

7. Ukuphepha kanye nobumfihlo kuphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS

Iphrothokholi yezokuxhumana ye-DNS (Domain Name System) ibalulekile ekuphequluleni i-inthanethi, njengoba inesibopho sokuhumusha amagama wesizinda abe amakheli e-IP. Nokho, kubalulekile futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kanye nobumfihlo ekudlulisweni kwalolu lwazi. Ngezansi kukhona okucatshangelwayo nezinyathelo ezingathathwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuqotho nokugcinwa kuyimfihlo kuphrothokholi ye-DNS.

Enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokuthuthukisa ukuvikeleka kwe-DNS ukusebenzisa i-DNS phezu kwe-TLS (DoT) noma i-DNS phezu kwe-HTTPS (DoH). Lawa maphrothokholi abhala ngemfihlo ukuxhumana phakathi kweklayenti neseva, okwenza kube nzima kubahlaseli ukuvimba nokukhohlisa ulwazi. Ukwengeza, kubalulekile ukuthi ube nokucushwa okufanele kwe-firewall nokusebenzisa isofthiwe evimbela ukuvinjwa ukugwema ukuhlaselwa futhi siqinisekise ukugcinwa kuyimfihlo kwedatha.

Esinye isilinganiso esibalulekile ukwenza izibuyekezo zesofthiwe ezivamile namapeshi okuphepha kumaseva e-DNS. Lokhu kusiza ukulungisa ubungozi obaziwayo futhi kuvimbele abahlaseli ekusebenziseni lezi zikhala ukuze basebenze ukuhlaselwa kwe-phishing noma ukudunwa kwe-DNS. Ukwengeza, kuyatuseka ukusebenzisa amagama ayimfihlo aqinile futhi uwashintshe njalo, kanye nokusebenzisa ukulawula kokufinyelela okusekelwe endimeni ukuze kukhawulelwe ukuthi ubani ongafinyelela futhi aguqule izilungiselelo zeseva ye-DNS.

8. Iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS: Izinsiza namarekhodi amakhulu

I-DNS Communication Protocol (Isistimu Yegama Lesizinda) iyingxenye ebalulekile ye-inthanethi enesibopho sokuhumusha amagama wesizinda abe amakheli e-IP. Lokhu kuhumusha kuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bafinyelele amawebhusayithi basebenzisa amagama ahlakaniphile esikhundleni sokukhumbula uchungechunge lwezinombolo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izinsiza ezinkulu namarekhodi asetshenziswa kuphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS.

1. Izinsiza eziyisisekelo ze-DNS
Izinsiza eziyinhloko ze-DNS zihlanganisa amaseva wamagama, anesibopho sokugcina nokubuyekeza ulwazi lwamagama wesizinda namakheli awo e-IP ahambisanayo. Amaseva wamagama agunyaziwe yilawo anolwazi olusemthethweni lwesizinda, kuyilapho amaseva wamagama aphindayo aphethe ukusesha ulwazi. kubasebenzisi.

Esinye isici esibalulekile se-DNS amazoni, okuyizigaba ezinengqondo zesizinda segama lesizinda. Indawo ngayinye ihlanganisa ulwazi mayelana nesizinda nezizindana zaso. Amarekhodi ezinsiza (ama-RR) nawo ayingxenye emaphakathi ye-DNS, njengoba aqukethe ulwazi oluthile mayelana nesizinda noma isizinda esingaphansi, njengekheli laso le-IP, iseva yemeyili, iseva yegama, phakathi kokunye.

2. I-DNS Master Records
Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zamarekhodi amakhulu asetshenziswa ku-DNS. Irekhodi lohlobo A lisetshenziselwa ukuhlobanisa igama lesizinda nekheli le-IP. Irekhodi lohlobo lwe-NS licacisa amagama amaseva wamagama agunyaziwe esizinda. Irekhodi lohlobo lwe-MX lisetshenziselwa ukucacisa iseva yemeyili ehlotshaniswa nesizinda.

Okunye ukubhaliswa okubalulekile kufaka phakathi ukubhaliswa kohlobo lwe-CNAME, okusebenza ukusungula iziteketiso zesizinda, okuvumela igama lesizinda elilodwa ukuthi lisetshenziswe njengelifana nelinye. Irekhodi lohlobo lwe-PTR lisetshenziselwa ukuhlobanisa ikheli le-IP negama lesizinda esiphambene, elisetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ekucushweni kweseva yemeyili.

3. Herramientas y aplicaciones
Ukuze usebenze ngephrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS, kunezinhlobonhlobo zamathuluzi nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezitholakalayo. Okunye okuvame kakhulu kufaka insiza ye-nslookup, ekuvumela ukuthi wenze imibuzo ye-DNS futhi uthole ulwazi lwesizinda esithile noma ikheli le-IP. Elinye ithuluzi elidumile i-dig, enikeza isikhombimsebenzisi somugqa womyalo sokwenza imibuzo ethuthukisiwe ye-DNS.

Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kunamathuluzi ayinkimbinkimbi nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana ne-Wireshark, ekuvumela ukuthi uhlaziye ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi futhi uthwebule amaphakethe e-DNS ukuze ahlolwe kamuva. Kukhona futhi amalabhulali nama-API asiza ukuqaliswa kwephrothokholi ye-DNS ezinhlelweni zokwenza ngokwezifiso nezinhlelo.

Ngamafuphi, iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwe-inthanethi ngokuhumusha amagama wesizinda abe amakheli e-IP futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Izinsiza zakho ezibalulekile namarekhodi, kanye namathuluzi nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezitholakalayo, zibalulekile ekulawuleni futhi uxazulule izinkinga okuhlobene ne-DNS. [END

9. Indima yamaseva e-DNS kuphrothokholi yokuxhumana

Amaseva e-DNS (Domain Name System) adlala indima ebalulekile kuphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-inthanethi. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukuhumusha amagama esizinda afundeka abantu uwayise kumakheli e-IP, okungamakheli ezinombolo ahlonza idivayisi ngayinye exhunywe kunethiwekhi. Lokhu kuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bafinyelele izinsiza ze-inthanethi besebenzisa i-URL ebonakala kalula esikhundleni sokukhumbula uchungechunge lwezinombolo.

Inqubo yokuhumusha igama lesizinda yenziwa ngezigaba ezimbili. Okokuqala, uma umsebenzisi efaka ikheli lewebhu esipheqululini sakhe, lithumela umbuzo kuseva ye-DNS elungiselelwe kudivayisi yabo noma inethiwekhi. Iseva ye-DNS ibuza isizindalwazi sayo ukuze ithole ikheli le-IP elihambisana nalelo gama lesizinda esithile. Uma ithola okufanayo, ibuyisela ikheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi esipheqululini somsebenzisi, esizosungula ukuxhumana okuqondile kuleyo seva ukuze kufinyelelwe insiza eceliwe.

Okwesibili, uma iseva yendawo ye-DNS ingenalo ulwazi oludingekayo, ithumela isicelo kwamanye amaseva e-DNS asezingeni eliphezulu. Lezi ziphakeli zizophinda ziseshe imininingo yazo egciniwe futhi, uma zithola ulwazi oluceliwe, zizoyibuyisela kuseva yendawo ye-DNS, yona ezoyidlulisela esipheqululini somsebenzisi. Ngale ndlela, umbuzo ukhuphukela emazingeni aphezulu kuze kutholakale impendulo evumelekile. Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi inqubo yokuxazulula igama iyashesha futhi iyasebenza, ngenxa yokuphindaphinda kwamaseva e-DNS kanye nokuqaliswa kwezinhlelo zokulondoloza inqolobane ukuze kugcinwe imibuzo yangaphambilini futhi kugwenywe ukubambezeleka kusesho oluzayo.

10. Iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS: Izinhlobo zemibuzo nezimpendulo

I-DNS (Isistimu Yegama Lesizinda) iwuhlelo lokuxhumana olusetshenziselwa ukuhumusha amagama esizinda abe amakheli e-IP futhi okuphambene nalokho. Ngemibuzo nezimpendulo, i-DNS ikuvumela ukuthi ukhombe ikheli le-IP elihlotshaniswa nesizinda esithile. Lesi sihloko sizofaka izinhlobo zemibuzo nezimpendulo ezingenziwa kusetshenziswa iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS.

Izinhlobo zemibuzo:

• A (Ikheli) – Umbuzo wekheli: Lo mbuzo ufuna ukuthola ikheli le-IP elihlotshaniswa negama lesizinda. Isibonelo, ukwenza umbuzo A kusizinda esithi "example.com" kuzobuyisela ikheli le-IP elihambisanayo.
• I-NS (Iseva Yegama) - Umbuzo Weseva Yegama: Ngalo mbuzo, sifuna ukuthola ikheli le-IP le-nameserver elibhekele isizinda esithile. Lolu lwazi lubalulekile ekuxazululweni kwamagama kanye nendawo yamaseva ahambisanayo e-DNS.
• I-MX (I-Mail Exchange) - Umbuzo wokushintshaniswa kwemeyili: Ngokusebenzisa lo mbuzo, ikheli le-IP leseva yemeyili elihlotshaniswa nesizinda liyatholwa. Lokhu kuyasiza uma usetha i-imeyili yesizinda futhi udinga ukwazi iseva ye-imeyili efanele.

Izinhlobo zezimpendulo:

• Respuesta de dirección: Yimpendulo etholwe ngemva kombuzo A, ehlinzeka ngekheli le-IP elihambisana nesizinda esibuziwe.
• Impendulo yeseva yegama: Kuyimpendulo etholwe lapho kwenziwa umbuzo we-NS, okubonisa ikheli le-IP leseva yegama elibhekele isizinda.
• Impendulo yokushintshana ngemeyili: Yimpendulo etholwe lapho kwenziwa umbuzo we-MX, ihlinzeka ngekheli le-IP leseva yemeyili ehlotshaniswa nesizinda esibuziwe.

11. Iqhaza lephrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS ekuphequluleni iwebhu

Iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS (Domain Name System) idlala indima ebalulekile ekuphequluleni iwebhu. Isebenza njengencwadi yamakheli ehumusha amagama ewebhusayithi anobungane abe amakheli e-IP ezinombolo, ngaleyo ndlela kube lula ukuxhumana phakathi kwabasebenzisi namaseva e-inthanethi.

Uma sizama ukufinyelela iwebhusayithi, isiphequluli sethu sibuza iseva ye-DNS ukuthi ithole ikheli le-IP elihambisana negama lesizinda esiceliwe. Iseva ye-DNS, ngochungechunge lwemibuzo nezimpendulo, ithola i-IP ehlotshaniswayo futhi iyibuyisele esipheqululini, okuvumela uxhumo ukuthi lusungulwe futhi ikhasi lewebhu lilayishwe.

Le nqubo ibalulekile ekuphequluleni iwebhu, njengoba ngaphandle kwephrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS, kuzodingeka sikhumbule futhi sibhale phansi amakheli e-IP wamawebhusayithi esikhundleni sokusebenzisa amagama wesizinda. Ukwengeza, i-DNS ivumela ukulungiswa kwegama lomhlaba wonke, okusho ukuthi noma yimuphi umsebenzisi ku-inthanethi angafinyelela iwebhusayithi esebenzisa igama lesizinda sakho, kungakhathaliseki indawo okuyo. Lolu hlelo lugcinwa ngenxa yokuba khona kwamaseva e-DNS asatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke, abambisana ukuze banikeze isevisi ethembekile nesheshayo kubasebenzisi.

Kafushane, iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS ibalulekile ekuphequluleni iwebhu, kusiza ukuhunyushwa kwamagama wesizinda kumakheli e-IP futhi ngaleyo ndlela ivumele ukufinyelela kumawebhusayithi. Ngaphandle kwale phrothokholi, kungaba nzima kakhulu futhi kuyisicefe. ukuphequlula i-inthanethi. Ukusebenza kwayo kusekelwe ekwenzeni imibuzo nezimpendulo phakathi kweziphequluli namaseva e-DNS, ngenqubo yomhlaba yokuxazulula amagama.

12. Iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS: Isakhiwo senethiwekhi nokusatshalaliswa

Iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS (Domain Name System) ibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwenethiwekhi nasekusetshenzisweni. I-DNS inesibopho sokuhumusha amagama esizinda afundeka abantu abe amakheli e-IP ezinombolo amakhompyutha angawaqonda. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ukwakheka nokusatshalaliswa kwe-DNS ngokuningiliziwe.

Ukuze uqonde i-architecture ye-DNS, kubalulekile ukuqonda izinhlangano eziyinhloko ezihilelekile. Lawa mabhizinisi afaka iklayenti le-DNS, iseva egunyaziwe ye-DNS, kanye neseva ye-DNS ephindayo. Amaklayenti e-DNS amakhompyutha afuna ukuxazulula amagama esizinda, kuyilapho amaseva agunyaziwe e-DNS agcina ulwazi olumayelana namagama esizinda namakheli awo e-IP ahambisanayo. Amaseva e-DNS aphindaphindayo asebenza njengabalamuli, abuza amanye amaseva e-DNS ukuze athole ulwazi olucelwe iklayenti.

Ukuthunyelwa kwe-DNS kudinga ukucushwa okufanele nokuphathwa kwamaseva e-DNS. Okunye okucatshangelwayo okubalulekile kufaka phakathi ukukhetha isofthiwe ye-DNS, ukulungisa amarekhodi e-DNS, nokusebenzisa izinyathelo zokuphepha. Kubalulekile ukulandela izinqubo ezingcono kakhulu lapho usetha amarekhodi e-DNS, njengokusungula amarekhodi okulondoloza nokusebenzisa amathuluzi okuqapha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuqhubekayo nokuthembekile kwesistimu yegama lesizinda. Ukwengeza, kunconywa ukuthi kusetshenziswe izinyathelo zokuphepha, njengokusebenzisa izindonga zokuvikela nokuvuselela njalo isofthiwe ye-DNS, ukuvikela uhlelo ekuhlaselweni okungase kube khona.

Kafushane, ukuqonda ukwakheka nokusatshalaliswa kwephrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuthembekile nokuvikelekile kwamanethiwekhi. Ngokuqonda izinhlangano ezihilelekile nokulandela izinqubo ezingcono kakhulu zokumisa nokuphatha amaseva e-DNS, kungenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuhunyushwa okuphumelelayo nokunembile kwamagama wesizinda kumakheli e-IP. Ngokugxila okufanele ekucushweni nasekuvikelekeni kwerekhodi le-DNS, ungagcina isistimu yegama lesizinda elithembekile futhi elivikelekile ezinsongweni ezingaba khona.

13. Izinselele kanye nezitayela zesikhathi esizayo zephrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS

Iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS, evumela ukuhunyushwa kwamagama esizinda kuya kumakheli e-IP, okwamanje ibhekene nezinselele ezimbalwa futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ihlangabezane namathrendi abalulekile esikhathini esizayo. Enye yezinselelo eziphawuleka kakhulu isidingo esikhulayo sokuphepha nobumfihlo kwezokuxhumana ze-DNS. Ukuhlaselwa kobuthi benqolobane ye-DNS kanye nemizamo ye-spoofing yizinsongo ezifihlekile ezidinga izixazululo eziqinile nezisebenza kahle.

Enye inselele enkulu ukwanda komsebenzi kumaseva e-DNS. Njengoba amadivaysi amaningi axhumeka ku-inthanethi futhi nokuhamba kwewebhu kuqhubeka nokukhula njalo, amaseva e-DNS kufanele akwazi ukubhekana nalesi sidingo esikhulayo semibuzo yokuxazulula amagama esizinda ngokushesha nangempumelelo. Lokhu kusho isidingo sokuthuthukisa ukukala namandla okusebenza kwamaseva akhona e-DNS, futhi ngokunokwenzeka ukuhlola izindlela ezintsha ekwakhiweni kwengqalasizinda ye-DNS.

Mayelana nemikhuba yephrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS yesikhathi esizayo, ukwamukelwa okusabalele kwe-DNS phezu kwephrothokholi ye-HTTPS (DoH) kulindeleke ukuthi kuqhubeke ukwanda. I-DoH ivumela imibuzo ye-DNS ukuthi ibethelwe kusetshenziswa iphrothokholi ye-HTTPS, ngaleyo ndlela inikeze ukuxhumana okuphephile nokuyimfihlo phakathi kwamakhasimende namaseva e-DNS. Lo mkhuba usabela esidingweni esikhulayo sokuvikela ubumfihlo babasebenzisi nokuvimbela ukukhohliswa nokugadwa kokuxhumana kwe-DNS. Ukwengeza, ukwamukelwa okukhulu kwezinguqulo ezintsha zephrothokholi ye-DNS kulindelekile, njenge-DNSSEC, ehlinzeka ngokufakazela ubuqiniso neziqinisekiso zobuqotho zamarekhodi e-DNS. Ngalezi zindlela nentuthuko, iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS izoqhubeka nokuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi iguquke ukuze ihlangabezane nezinselele zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo.

14. Iziphetho kuphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS

Njengomphumela wokuhlaziya kwethu okuphelele kwephrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS, singaphetha ngokuthi iyingxenye ebalulekile ye-inthanethi. Le phrothokholi inesibopho sokuhumusha amagama wesizinda abe amakheli e-IP, ngaleyo ndlela kube lula ukuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi axhumeke kunethiwekhi. Kuso sonke lesi sihloko, sihlole izici ezihlukene kanye nokusebenza kwephrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS.

Esinye seziphetho esiyinhloko esingasifinyelela ukubaluleka kokuba nokucushwa kwe-DNS okulungile. Iphutha noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwalokhu kulungiselelwa kungase kuthinte kabi ukusebenza nokutholakala kwamasevisi aku-inthanethi. Kubalulekile ukuphatha kahle amaseva e-DNS, uqinisekise ukuthi acushwe kahle, avuselelwa futhi avikelwe ekuhlaselweni okungase kube khona.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, siye sagqamisa ukubaluleka kokuqapha njalo ingqalasizinda ye-DNS. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwenza izivivinyo ezivamile ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okufanele, kanye nokuqaphela izimpawu ezingaba zezinkinga noma izimpawu zokuhlaselwa kwe-DNS. Ukusebenzisa amathuluzi okuqapha nokuhlaziya ithrafikhi kungaba usizo olukhulu ekuhlonzeni nasekuxazululeni noma yiziphi izenzakalo ezingase zivele.

Kafushane, ukuqonda nokuphatha kahle iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza nokuvikeleka kwezinsizakalo ze-inthanethi. Ukumisa okulungile, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo nokuvikelwa okwanele kwamaseva e-DNS yizici ezibalulekile zokuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuketshezi nokuvikelekile ku-inthanethi. Ukuhlala unolwazi lwakamuva mayelana namathrendi akamuva kanye nezinqubo ezihamba phambili mayelana nephrothokholi ye-DNS kubalulekile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezinselele nokugcina ubuqotho bengqalasizinda yenethiwekhi.

Kafushane, iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS (Domain Name System) iyisici esibalulekile kungqalasizinda ye-inthanethi. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukuhumusha amagama esizinda afundeka abantu abe amakheli e-IP ezinombolo, ngaleyo ndlela kuvunyelwe ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo phakathi kwamadivayisi axhunywe kunethiwekhi.

Ngenqubo yokubuza nezimpendulo, i-DNS inesibopho sokuthola nokuhlinzeka ngekheli le-IP elihambisana nesicelo segama lesizinda. Lokhu kufezwa ngamaseva e-DNS asatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke, agcina futhi aphathe inani elikhulu lolwazi mayelana namagama esizinda esibhalisiwe.

Le phrothokholi isuselwe kumodeli ye-hierarchical, lapho kunamazinga ahlukene amaseva e-DNS, ukusuka kumaseva agunyaziwe asezingeni eliphezulu kuya kumaseva egama lesizinda sasendaweni. Izinga ngalinye linesibopho sokugcina kanye nokubuyekeza isizindalwazi salo samagama wesizinda namakheli e-IP ahlobene.

Ngaphezu komsebenzi wayo oyinhloko wokuhumusha igama lesizinda, iphrothokholi ye-DNS iphinde ivumele ezinye izinto zokusebenza, njengokuhlehla kwesinqumo, okuhlanganisa ukuthola igama lesizinda elihambisana nekheli le-IP elinikeziwe.

Iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwe-inthanethi, ngoba ngaphandle kwayo, ukuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi bekuzoba nzima kakhulu futhi kungasebenzi kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isakhiwo sayo esabalalisiwe siqinisekisa ukwethembeka nokutholakala kolwazi lwegama lesizinda ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Sengiphetha, iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-DNS iyinsika eyisisekelo yokwakhiwa kwe-inthanethi. Ikhono layo lokuhumusha amagama esizinda libe amakheli e-IP, kanye neminye imisebenzi eyengeziwe, kuyenza ibe ithuluzi elibalulekile lokuxhumana nokuphequlula iwebhu.